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Class of non-classical logics
Deviant logic is a type of logic incompatible with classical logic. Philosopher Susan Haack uses the term deviant logic to describe certain non-classical
Deviant_logic
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
extended logics and deviant logics. Logic itself can be defined as the study of valid inference. Classical logic is the dominant form of logic and articulates
Philosophical_logic
Formal systems of logic that significantly differ from standard logical systems
"Schrödinger logics") rejects or restricts the law of identity; In Deviant Logic (1974) Susan Haack divided non-classical logics into deviant, quasi-deviant, and
Non-classical_logic
Study of correct reasoning
known. Deviant logics, on the other hand, reject certain classical intuitions and provide alternative explanations of the basic laws of logic. The word
Logic
Study of the scope and nature of logic
first-order logic, extended logics, and deviant logics. Extended logics accept the basic formalism and the axioms of classical logic but extend them with new
Philosophy_of_logic
English philosopher and academic (1945–2026)
of Logics. Cambridge University Press, 1978. Evidence and Inquiry. Blackwell, 1993. Second edition, Prometheus Books 2009. Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond
Susan_Haack
Process of drawing correct inferences
Haack, Susan (1996). "1. 'Alternative' in 'Alternative Logic'". Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism. Chicago and London: University of
Logical_reasoning
Type of formal logic
construct logic tolerant to contradiction (1910). Philosophy portal Deviant logic Formal logic Fuzzy logic Probability logic Intuitionistic logic Table of
Paraconsistent_logic
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Classical logic Computability logic Deontic logic Dependence logic Description logic Deviant logic Doxastic logic Epistemic logic First-order logic Formal
Outline_of_logic
Topics referred to by the same term
Spanish film Deviant logic, a class of non-classical logics "Deviant" (CSI: Miami episode) A member of the DeviantArt online community Deviants, a fictional
Deviant_(disambiguation)
Class of formal logics
Intelligence and Logic Programming, volume 2, chapter 2.6. Oxford University Press. Haack, Susan, (1996). Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism
Classical_logic
British philosopher, born 1948
on Deviant Logic Archived 26 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Rationally Speaking, Podcast of Graham Priest on Paradoxes and Paraconsistent Logic Arche
Graham_Priest
in that paper. In Philosophy of Logic (the chapter titled "Deviant Logics"), Quine rejects the idea that classical logic should be revised in response to
Is_Logic_Empirical?
Form of reasoning
system is classical logic and the rules of inference listed here are all valid in classical logic. But so-called deviant logics provide a different account
Deductive_reasoning
to a new state. deviant logic A term used to describe non-standard or alternative logical systems that deviate from classical logic. diagonalization
Glossary_of_logic
Varying application boundaries
Klir (eds.), Concepts and fuzzy logic. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011; Susan Haack, Deviant logic, fuzzy logic: beyond the formalism. Chicago: University
Fuzzy_concept
Philosophical analogy about knowledge
Deviant Logic: Some Philosophical Issues. London; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 052120500X. OCLC 1200917. Certainly some logic is
Neurath's_boat
Principle in the philosophy of science
diverge in meaning, with quantum logic abandoning truth-functional semantics altogether. Quine argued that deviant logics tend to lack the simplicity and
Duhem–Quine_thesis
Nonconceptual awareness and interconnectedness
F#*king Up to Waking Up. Simon and Schuster. Haack, Susan (1996). Deviant logic, fuzzy logic: beyond the formalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hanegraaff
Nondualism
Mathematical logician and philosopher
Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, and David Hilbert were using logic and set theory to investigate the foundations of mathematics), building
Kurt_Gödel
German philosopher, logician, and mathematician (1848–1925)
father of analytic philosophy, concentrating on the philosophy of language, logic, and mathematics. Though he was largely ignored during his lifetime, Giuseppe
Gottlob_Frege
Polish–American mathematician (1901–1983)
metamathematics, and algebraic logic, he also contributed to abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, type theory
Alfred_Tarski
Canadian logician and philosopher (1937–2024)
Toronto: Peter Martin Associates (1974) The Logic of Fiction: A Philosophical Sounding of Deviant Logic. The Hague and Paris: Mouton and Co. A second
John_Woods_(logician)
School of thought
Lwowsko-Warszawska) was an interdisciplinary school (mainly philosophy, logic and psychology) founded by Kazimierz Twardowski in 1895 in Lwów, Austro-Hungary
Lwów–Warsaw_school
Text for clarification; one of four rhetorical modes
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
Description
Polish logician and philosopher (1878–1956)
Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic. His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic. He thought innovatively about
Jan_Łukasiewicz
British philosopher, mathematician and economist (1903–1930)
logic. Alonzo Church would go on to show that the general case of the decision problem for first-order logic is unsolvable and that first-order logic
Frank_P._Ramsey
American mathematician and computer scientist (1903–1995)
logician, and philosopher who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for
Alonzo_Church
Australian writer & journalist (born 1947)
Stephen Dedman", translated by Benoit Domis. "Alternative Reality and Deviant Logic in J. G. Ballard's Second 'Disaster' Trilogy," Science Fiction 1, No
Terry_Dowling
British philosopher (1925–2011)
mathematical logic, he developed an intermediate logic, a logical system intermediate between classical logic and intuitionistic logic that had already
Michael_Dummett
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
and original contributions to logic, especially modal logic. His principal contribution is a semantics for modal logic involving possible worlds, now
Saul_Kripke
American philosopher (born 1941)
for his contributions to philosophy of science, epistemology and formal logic. He is a distinguished professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University
Bas_van_Fraassen
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
1956 to 1978. Quine was a teacher of logic and set theory. He was famous for his position that first-order logic is the only kind worthy of the name,
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
with an emphasis on analysis, clear prose, rigorous arguments, formal logic, mathematics, and the natural sciences (with less emphasis on the humanities)
Analytic_philosophy
British philosopher (born 1955)
interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics. He is the former Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford
Timothy_Williamson
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austro-British philosopher who worked in logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
English philosopher (1910–1989)
exposition of major theses of logical positivism in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The work's dismissal of metaphysics, and endorsement of emotivism
A._J._Ayer
Finnish philosopher (1916–2003)
philosopher. He is particularly known for his work in philosophical logic, especially deontic logic, his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, and his
Georg_Henrik_von_Wright
Canadian philosopher (1936–2023)
and in 2010 he gave the René Descartes Lectures at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS). Hacking also gave the Howison lectures
Ian_Hacking
German-American philosopher (1891–1970)
semantics (Carnap 1942, 1943, 1956), modal logic, and on the philosophical foundations of probability and inductive logic (Carnap 1950, 1952). After a stint at
Rudolf_Carnap
List of characters appearing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Eternal Ikaris sees this as betrayal and leads her to be killed by the Deviants, with Sersi becoming the new bridge to Arishem. Hayek was originally hesitant
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: A–L
Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_A–L
Semantic distinction in philosophy
like "all bachelors are unmarried" and our knowledge of mathematics (and logic) are in the basic sense the same: all proceeded from our knowledge of the
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Distinction in the philosophy of language
philosophy is traceable to Frege's philosophy of language. Frege's views on logic (i.e., his idea that some parts of speech are complete by themselves, and
Sense_and_reference
American philosopher (born 1950)
primarily in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and philosophical logic, and his academic output manifests both systematic and historical interests
Robert_Brandom
Movement in Western philosophy
to logic, Bertrand Russell sought to convert the mathematical formulas of physics to symbolic logic. Gottlob Frege began this program of logicism, continuing
Logical_positivism
American philosopher
book The Structure of Science is considered a foundational work in the logic of scientific explanation. Nagel was born in Nové Mesto nad Váhom (now in
Ernest_Nagel
Finnish and American philosopher and logician (1929–2015)
Hintikka is regarded as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize for philosophy in
Jaakko_Hintikka
American philosopher and logician
Philosophy. His philosophical work focuses on the philosophy of language, logic, metaphysics, epistemology and the philosophy of Frege and Russell. He is
David_Kaplan_(philosopher)
American philosopher (1941–2001)
philosophy of mind, philosophy of probability, epistemology, philosophical logic, aesthetics, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of time, and philosophy
David_Lewis_(philosopher)
British IT security researcher and expert (born 1994)
suspicions on Hutchins' activities; ultimately, Tarah Wheeler and her husband Deviant Ollam were able to front the bail money and help find Hutchins a place
Marcus_Hutchins
BDSM pornographic film production company
Toronto Star. Retrieved 2025-03-09. Paul, Ryan. FBI agents paid to surf for deviant Internet porn Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. Ars Technica
Insex
Philosophical doctrine
Logic". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 14 (1): 52–53. doi:10.2307/2268980. Church, Alonzo (1949). "Review: Alfred Jules Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic"
Verificationism
Informal understanding of acceptable conduct
ought to do). The effects of norms can be determined by a logic of appropriateness and logic of consequences; the former entails that actors follow norms
Social_norm
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
22 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020. Andy Greenberg. "How A 'Deviant' Philosopher Built Palantir, A CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut". Forbes
Peter_Thiel
Philosophical tradition
Logic. In this sequel, Logic for Use, Schiller attempted to construct a new logic to replace the formal logic that he had criticized in Formal Logic.
Pragmatism
Iraqi Islamic scholar (1935–1980)
was distorting the teachings and traditions of Islam and presenting his deviant ideas as representative of Islam itself. This, therefore, is what led Imam
Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr
1924–1936 group of philosophers and scientists
philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of
Vienna_Circle
Philosophical problem about Frege's distinction between concept and object
Begriff Pferd) is a problem in the philosophy of language and philosophy of logic arising from Gottlob Frege's distinction between concept and object. It
Concept_horse_paradox
Denoting phrase in the form of "the X"
{\displaystyle \exists x(\forall y(\phi (y)\iff y=x)\land \psi (x))} Lambert's law (logic) Philosophy of language John Searle Vacuous truth Russell, Bertrand (1905)
Definite_description
Psychological mechanism in adolescence
Locale Brunau". Born, Michel (1 March 1983). Jeunes déviants ou délinquants juvéniles ? [Deviant or delinquent Youths ?] (in French). Brussels: Mardaga
Delinquency_spiral
American philosopher
specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of logic. Salmón was born January 2, 1951, in Los Angeles to a family of Sephardi
Nathan_Salmón
Austrian philosopher (1879–1944)
Graz School of object theory. Mally was one of the founders of deontic logic and is mainly known for his contributions in that field of research. In
Ernst_Mally
Family of philosophical theories
In philosophy and logic, a deflationary theory of truth (also semantic deflationism or simply deflationism) is one of a family of theories that all have
Deflationary_theory_of_truth
German philosopher (1891–1953)
contributions to the study of empiricism based on a theory of probability; the logic and the philosophy of mathematics; space, time, and relativity theory; analysis
Hans_Reichenbach
American mathematician (1930–1971)
American mathematician and philosopher who made contributions to mathematical logic and the philosophy of language. He is known for proposing Montague grammar
Richard_Montague
1651 book by Thomas Hobbes
three; since unlike Aristotle he does not sub-divide them into "good" and "deviant": Other kind of Commonwealth there can be none: for either one, or more
Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)
American businessman (born 1967)
Steinberger 2025, pp. 67. Greenberg, Andy (August 13, 2013). "How A 'Deviant' Philosopher Built Palantir, A CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut". Forbes
Alex_Karp
American philosopher (1922–1996)
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
Thomas_Kuhn
American philosopher of science
University of Durham. Currently, she is the past president of the Division for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology (DLMPST) of the International
Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)
Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)
Eternals are sent by the Celestial Arishem to Earth to eradicate the invasive Deviants and ensure the continual growth and advancement of Earth's population,
Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Features_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
in the development of classical logic and a major attempt to reduce the whole of mathematics to logic (see logicism). Russell's article "On Denoting"
Bertrand_Russell
US-based software and services company
Exchange Commission. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Greenberg, Andy. "How A 'Deviant' Philosopher Built Palantir, A CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut". Retrieved
Palantir
English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)
psychology. In his early career Whitehead wrote primarily on mathematics, logic, and physics. He wrote the three-volume Principia Mathematica (1910–1913)
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
discourse effects of modal expressions using formal tools derived from modal logic. Within philosophy, linguistic modality is often seen as a window into broader
Modality_(semantics)
American far-right political activist (born 1998)
and has described transgender people and same-sex marriage as forms of "deviancy". Fuentes has stated that he is a "proud incel", referring to an online
Nick_Fuentes
British philosopher of language (1913–1988)
theory of meaning in the fifth and sixth of his William James lectures on "Logic and Conversation", delivered at Harvard in 1967. These two lectures were
Paul_Grice
Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science (1922–1974)
Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery, and his doctoral advisor was R. B. Braithwaite. The book Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical
Imre_Lakatos
Smaller culture within a larger culture
there thus appear in society "natural areas" or "moral regions" where deviant models concentrate and are re-inforced; they do not accept objectives or
Subculture
Literal meaning of an expression
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
Denotation
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic. 34 (4): 539–563. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093633905. Väänänen, J. (2001). "Second-Order Logic and Foundations of Mathematics"
Reductionism
German writer and philosopher (1905–1997)
Function of General Laws in History" 1943: "Studies in the Logic of Confirmation" 1959: "The Logic of Functional Analysis" 1965: Aspects of Scientific Explanation
Carl_Gustav_Hempel
Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist (born 1966)
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
David_Chalmers
American mathematician and philosopher (1926–2016)
Beverly Pearson Professor of Mathematical Logic in recognition of his contributions to the philosophy of logic and mathematics. While breaking with his
Hilary_Putnam
Canadian philosopher
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
Paul_Churchland
American philosopher (born 1946)
many areas of philosophy, including the philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic, epistemology, philosophy of language, and the history of philosophy. In
Tyler_Burge
Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet
was used only for long close /eː/. The letter Beta, in turn, took the deviant shape . In Sicyon, a variant glyph resembling an ⟨X⟩ () was used in the
Epsilon
Various techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition
Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Historical Linguistic Performative Logic Classical Deviant Mathematical Non-classical Paraconsistent Philosophical Predicate
Philosophical_analysis
Salafi jihadist militant organisation
most influential jihadist theorists are criticising the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and they have denounced
Islamic_State
State of balance among a set of beliefs, arrived at by considering general principles
reflective equilibrium as an approach to justifying the principles of inductive logic (this is now known as Goodman's method). The term reflective equilibrium
Reflective_equilibrium
1962 book by Thomas S. Kuhn
particular, his writings seemed to me full of egregious errors, both of logic and of observation." This was in an apparent contradiction with the fact
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of
Empiricism
Polish British philosopher
was a Polish philosopher of Jewish descent. He worked in philosophical logic but published scantly. He was an influential teacher; several of his students
Casimir_Lewy
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
a condensed version with some new material, as Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery) in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism
Karl_Popper
2007 video game
Impossible Quiz is a 2007 point-and-click quiz video game created by a DeviantArt user known as Splapp-me-do. Noted for its difficulty, the game consists
The_Impossible_Quiz
In-depth, detailed examination of a particular case
information gain. For example, outlier cases (those which are extreme, deviant or atypical) can reveal more information than the potentially representative
Case_study
the paradox by way of n-valued logics, such as fuzzy logic, which have radically departed from classical two-valued logics. Analytic philosophy Discourse
Philosophy_of_language
British philosopher (1916–2013)
British philosopher who was Professor of Logic at the University of Leeds. His areas of interest were philosophical logic, ethics, history of philosophy, philosophy
Peter_Geach
American psychologist
][citation needed] By this description, by negatively labeling those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms, the behavior of individuals may be adjusted
David_Rosenhan
German philosopher and physicist (1883–1936)
Wahrheit nach der modernen Logik (The Nature of Truth According to Modern Logic), was published in 1910. Several essays about aesthetics followed, whereupon
Moritz_Schlick
Early-20th-century development in Western philosophy
philosophy. One of the results of the linguistic turn was an increasing focus on logic and philosophy of language, and the cleavage between ideal language philosophy
Linguistic_turn
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