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Reduction of data redundancy
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of normal forms to reduce data redundancy and improve
Database_normalization
Designing how data is held in a database
Machine "An Introduction to Database Normalization". Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2012-02-25. "Normalization". Archived from the original
Database_design
Centralized storage of knowledge
the normalized approach, the data in the warehouse are stored following, to a degree, database normalization rules. Normalized relational database tables
Data_warehouse
Topics referred to by the same term
visual neuroscience Normalization (quantum mechanics) Normalized solution (mathematics) Normalization (sociology) or social normalization, the process through
Normalization
Database data model
database normalization, unnormalized form (UNF or 0NF), also known as an unnormalized relation or non-first normal form (N1NF or NF2), is a database data
Unnormalized_form
Strategy used on previously-normalized databases
previously-normalized database to increase performance. In computing, denormalization is the process of trying to improve the read performance of a database, at
Denormalization
Principle of software development
it with abstractions that are less likely to change, or using data normalization which avoids redundancy in the first place. The DRY principle is stated
Don't_repeat_yourself
Level of database normalization
most basic level of database normalization defined by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd, the inventor of the relational database. A relation (or a
First_normal_form
Level of database normalization
Third normal form (3NF) is a level of database normalization defined by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd. A relation (or table, in SQL) is in third
Third_normal_form
Normal form used in database normalization
normal form used in database normalization. It is a slightly stricter version of the third normal form (3NF). By using BCNF, a database will remove all redundancies
Boyce–Codd_normal_form
Standard representation of a mathematical object
called data normalization. For instance, database normalization is the process of organizing the fields and tables of a relational database to minimize
Canonical_form
Type of computer program
query performance. A central principle of relational database design is database normalization, in which data that might otherwise be repeated is stored
Document-oriented_database
Case of database modeling
considered different from dimensional modeling and complementary to database normalization. The SQL:2011 standard provides language constructs for working with
Bitemporal_modeling
Aspect of the Unicode standard
necessarily true. The standard also defines a text normalization procedure, called Unicode normalization, which replaces equivalent sequences of characters
Unicode_equivalence
Relational database theory concept
dependencies is an important part of designing databases in the relational model, and in database normalization and denormalization. A simple application of
Functional_dependency
legacy database schema. Database refactorings are often motivated by the desire for database normalization of an existing production database, typically
Database_refactoring
Level of database normalization
Second normal form (2NF) is a level of database normalization defined by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd. A relation (or a table, in SQL) is in
Second_normal_form
Testing of database software systems
the SQL semantic into database test cases. Database normalization Software testing Unit testing Korth, Henry (2010). Database System Concepts. Macgraw-Hill
Database_testing
Normal form used in database normalization
Essential tuple normal form (ETNF) is a normal form used in database normalization. It lies strictly between fourth normal form (4NF) and fifth normal
Essential_tuple_normal_form
English computer scientist
Darwen Database normalization List of pioneers in computer science Relational Model/Tasmania (RM/T) Codd, Edgar Frank (1982). "Relational database: A practical
Edgar_F._Codd
Information systems good practice for data normalization
edited) in only one place, providing data normalization to a canonical form (for example, in database normalization or content transclusion). There are several
Single_source_of_truth
Principle of relational database design
relations in a relational database should be defined in such a way that they can represent the same facts. As with database normalization, POOD serves to eliminate
Principle of orthogonal design
Principle_of_orthogonal_design
Numerical relationship among rows in different tables
relational databases. Codd's steps for organizing database tables and their keys is called database normalization, which avoids certain hidden database design
Cardinality_(data_modeling)
Subfield of database theory
of database theory which studies implication and optimization problems related to logical constraints, commonly called dependencies, on databases. The
Dependency theory (database theory)
Dependency_theory_(database_theory)
Organized collection of data in computing
creating a logical database design using this model uses a methodical approach known as normalization. The goal of normalization is to ensure that each
Database
Database form
form (DK/NF or DKNF) is a normal form used in database normalization which requires that the database contains no constraints other than domain constraints
Domain-key_normal_form
Normal form used in database normalization
is a normal form used in database normalization. Introduced by Ronald Fagin in 1977, 4NF is the next level of normalization after Boyce–Codd normal form
Fourth_normal_form
Concept in aspect-oriented software development
software) Database normalization (minimize needlessly replicated data) Multiple inheritance Microservices Orthogonalization (mathematical normalization) Kiczales
Cross-cutting_concern
Form in relational database normalization
Sixth normal form (6NF) is a normal form used in relational database normalization which extends the relational algebra and generalizes relational operators
Sixth_normal_form
Full constraint between two sets of attributes in a relation
dependency. The multivalued dependency plays a role in the 4NF database normalization. A multivalued dependency is a special case of a join dependency
Multivalued_dependency
Database model
of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database. The purpose of the relational model
Relational_model
Agile database modeling technique
more normalized approach.[citation needed] Anchor modeling was created in order to take advantage of the benefits from a high degree of normalization while
Anchor_modeling
redundancy, and model the database so as to make it logical and usable, by means of data modeling, including database normalization techniques. According
Data_administration
Logical arrangement of computing tables in a multidimensional database
these schemas are not normalized much, and are frequently designed at a level of normalization short of third normal form. Normalization splits up data to
Snowflake_schema
Function of managing and maintaining DBMS software
Database administration is the function of managing and maintaining database management systems (DBMS) software. Mainstream DBMS software such as Oracle
Database_administration
Expression of a function as the composition of two functions
referred to as "causal decompositions" or Bayesian networks. See database normalization. In practical scientific applications, it is almost never possible
Functional_decomposition
integration of information, security policy analysis, automated database normalization, and more. Flora-2 relies on the XSB system for its inference engine
Flora-2
Database that contains a very large amount of data
Early metrics were the size of the database in a canonical form via database normalization or the time for a full database operation like a backup. Technology
Very_large_database
Relationship between software
dependency (which follows the axiom of transitivity). In database normalization of relational databases, one of the important features of third normal form
Transitive_dependency
Database normalization
projection–join normal form (PJ/NF), is a level of database normalization designed to remove redundancy in relational databases recording multi-valued facts by isolating
Fifth_normal_form
Digital database whose organization is based on the relational model of data
The most common forms of normalization applied to databases are called the normal forms. Connolly and Begg define database management system (DBMS) as
Relational_database
set of relations for the purpose of some discussion (typically, database normalization). Constraints that mention just one relvar are termed relvar constraints
Relvar
American computer scientist (1946–1974)
normal form that is used in database normalization. The goal of relational database design is to generate a set of database schemas that store information
Raymond_F._Boyce
Inference rules in database theory
inference rules) used to infer all the functional dependencies on a relational database. They were developed by William W. Armstrong in his 1974 paper. The axioms
Armstrong's_axioms
Level of database normalisation
"A New Normal Form for the Design of Relational Database Schemata" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 7 (3): 489–499. doi:10.1145/319732.319749
Elementary_key_normal_form
Database constraint
makes it obvious that just having a join dependency is not enough to normalize a database scheme. Chase (algorithm) Universal relation assumption Petrov, S
Join_dependency
Overview of and topical guide to databases
data. Database normalization – process of organizing the fields and tables of a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency. Database refactoring
Outline_of_databases
Type of decomposition of a database relation
In database design, a lossless join decomposition is a decomposition of a relation r {\displaystyle r} into relations r 1 , r 2 {\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}}
Lossless_join_decomposition
Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
research Big data Business engineering Business process management Database normalization Engineering management Geographic information systems Industrial
Operations_research
Data consistency
warehousing ideal of having either a single centralised database, or at least a distributed synchronised database, which stores all of an organisation's data in
Single_version_of_the_truth
Concept in database systems
from one table to another. Another important part of database design is database normalization, in which tables are broken apart and foreign keys make
Foreign_key
Process of transforming text into a single canonical form
to be processed afterwards; there is no all-purpose normalization procedure. Text normalization is frequently used when converting text to speech. Numbers
Text_normalization
Database of handwritten digits
from NIST were normalized to fit into a 28x28 pixel bounding box and anti-aliased, which introduced grayscale levels. The MNIST database contains 60,000
MNIST_database
Surplus computer data for error correction
corruption and generally should be avoided by design; applying database normalization prevents redundancy and makes the best possible usage of storage
Data_redundancy
Values that a data element may contain
a function. Data modeling Reference data Master data management Database normalization Loshin, David (2001). Enterprise knowledge management: the data
Data_domain
confidence intervals. Boyce–Codd normal form, a normal form used in database normalization. The definition of what we now know as BCNF appeared in a paper
List of examples of Stigler's law
List_of_examples_of_Stigler's_law
Data analysis technique
improve data accuracy in corporate databases. Data quality Data governance Master data management Database normalization Data visualization Analysis paralysis
Data_profiling
Topics referred to by the same term
North Face, US outdoor products manufacturer Third normal form, in database normalization Thursday Night Football, NFL weekly sports broadcast Tumor necrosis
TNF_(disambiguation)
Database using graph structures for queries
schema and data normalization which separates data into many tables and removes any duplicate data within the database. Data is normalized in order to preserve
Graph_database
Set of columns in a relational database
candidate keys for a relationship Compound key Database normalization Primary key Relational database Superkey Prime implicant is the corresponding notion
Candidate_key
Object–relational mapping tool
application follow OOP principles, while objects in the back-end follow database normalization principles, resulting in different representation requirements.
Hibernate_(framework)
Period of Czechoslovak history
In the history of Czechoslovakia, normalization (Czech: normalizace, Slovak: normalizácia) is a name commonly given to the period following the Warsaw
Normalization (Czechoslovakia)
Normalization_(Czechoslovakia)
Type of data model
A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database. It fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored
Database_model
Horizontal partition of data in a database or search engine
is a database design principle whereby rows of a database table are held separately, rather than being split into columns (as in normalization and vertical
Shard_(database_architecture)
Identifier for a taxpaying entity in the United States
Replication Sharding Related topics Database models Database normalization Database storage Distributed database Federated database system Referential integrity
Taxpayer Identification Number
Taxpayer_Identification_Number
Unique identifier for either an entity in the modeled world or an object in the database
applications themselves, as this would violate the principles of database normalization. Surrogate keys simplify the creation of foreign key relationships
Surrogate_key
Data modeling concept
descriptive (dimension) tables Developers often don't normalize dimensions due to several reasons: Normalization makes the data structure more complex Performance
Dimensional_modeling
Visual representation of database system relationships
with a source’s overlapping elements are passed through to the database schema. Normalization Independent entities and relationships in the source data should
Database_schema
State of qualitative or quantitative pieces of information
validation – Process of ensuring computer data is both correct and useful Database normalization – Reduction of data redundancy ISO 8000 international standard for
Data_quality
Cybersquatting – CYK algorithm – Cyrix 6x86 D – Data compression – Database normalization – Decidable set – Deep Blue – Desktop environment – Desktop publishing
Index_of_computing_articles
Database class for storage and retrieval of modeled data
to a type of database design that stores and retrieves data differently from the traditional table-based structure of relational databases. Unlike relational
NoSQL
Database modeling method
enterprise data bus, or you model according to Bill Inmon with the database normalized. Both techniques have issues when dealing with changes in the systems
Data_vault_modeling
1007/s10071-015-0885-x. PMID 26118672. S2CID 254142483. "The Database Normalization Theory and the Theory of Normalized Systems: Finding a Common Ground". Baltic Journal
Mark_de_Vos
Divisioning of a logical database
practice is known as normalization. However, vertical partitioning extends further, and partitions columns even when already normalized. This type of partitioning
Partition_(database)
Firms that sell access to financial data
optimize performance, or can be left in simple formats to simplify databasing Normalization and Data Model - Vendors collect from sources all around the world
Financial_data_vendor
Scientific search system
Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004.[needs
Scopus
Social networking service owned by Meta Platforms
through a linked database composed of student information derived from the official records of the Exeter Student Council. The database contained linkages
Database stored query result set
aggregate data from other views. Without the use of views, the normalization of databases above second normal form would become much more difficult. Views
View_(SQL)
Service normalization is a design pattern, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, whose application ensures that services that are part
Service_normalization_pattern
American politician and attorney (1955–2026)
2nd session / Vote 300". The Washington Post. The U.S. Congress Votes Database. July 11, 1996. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved
Lindsey_Graham
Graphical calculator used in electrical engineering
lumped-element assumption holds. A reference impedance is still required for normalization; Z 0 = 50 Ω {\displaystyle Z_{0}=50\,\Omega } is chosen because it equals
Smith_chart
considerations of unique data representation (non-redundancy or database normalization), emphasis on semantic well-definedness and exclusivity (nonoverlapping
Core_architecture_data_model
Analysis of Biochemical Pathways - Reaction Kinetics) is a web-accessible database storing information about biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties
SABIO-Reaction Kinetics Database
SABIO-Reaction_Kinetics_Database
Systematized collection of data in bioinformatics
In bioinformatics, a Gene Disease Database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend
Gene_Disease_Database
American actor (born 1970)
Matt Damon. Wikiquote has quotations related to Matt Damon. Matt Damon at IMDb Matt Damon at the TCM Movie Database (archived) Matt Damon at People.com
Matt_Damon
Measure of linear correlation
and the product of their standard deviations; thus, it is essentially a normalized measurement of the covariance, such that the result always has a value
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
Online database of integer sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching
On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences
Unit of information
whereas data merely communicates that knowledge. For example, the entry in a database specifying the height of Mount Everest is a datum that communicates a precisely
Data
Set of tuples consisting of values indexed by attributes
Relvar (relational variable) E. F. Codd (Oct 1972). "Further normalization of the database relational model". Data Base Systems. Courant Institute: Prentice-Hall
Relation_(database)
Country in Southeastern Europe and West Asia
Institute. 9 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026. "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 14 April
Turkey
English pornographic film actress (born 2001)
Emba of The New York Times described 100 Men as "one example of how normalization of pornographic extremes has made even lurid acts de rigueur". The following
Lily_Phillips
American actress and producer (born 1990)
her sadness over the state of American political discourse and the normalization of politicians lying to children. The questions were asked despite a
Jennifer_Lawrence
Biological databases are stores of biological information. The journal Nucleic Acids Research regularly publishes special issues on biological databases and
List_of_biological_databases
standard of living. It is calculated by taking the geometric mean of three normalized indicators: life expectancy at birth, mean and expected years of schooling
List of subnational entities by Human Development Index
List_of_subnational_entities_by_Human_Development_Index
System for reasoning about vagueness
defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova's dissertation (1983)
Fuzzy_logic
Matrix representation of a graph
spectrum, leading to the need of normalization — a column/row scaling of the matrix entries — resulting in normalized adjacency and Laplacian matrices
Laplacian_matrix
Global database of events
Ulfelder critiqued the post on his personal blog, saying that Leetaru's normalization method may not have adequately accounted for the change in the nature
GDELT_Project
Project that uses empirical data
outcomes. Launched at General Electric in the 1960s, the program maintains a database of 4,300 Strategic Business Units ("SBU") across multiple industries and
Profit Impact of Market Strategy
Profit_Impact_of_Market_Strategy
Unicode block containing additional Variation Selectors
Computer Association (2022-03-14). "4. About glyph normalization" (PDF). Response to normalization and meaning issues on TCA characters in WS2021. pp
Variation Selectors Supplement
Variation_Selectors_Supplement
Set of conceptual and technical difficulties
transient in OO. Normalization – OO neglects relational normalization. However, objects interlinked via pointers are arguably a network database, which is arguably
Object–relational impedance mismatch
Object–relational_impedance_mismatch
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