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Political development in Syria
The Damascus Spring (Arabic: ربيع دمشق, Rabīʻ Dimashq) was a period of intense political and social debate in Ba'athist Syria which started after the
Damascus_Spring
President of Syria from 2000 to 2024
dashed following a series of crackdowns in 2001–2002 that ended the Damascus Spring, a period defined by calls for transparency and democracy. Assad's
Bashar_al-Assad
Capital city of Syria
above sea level, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the rain shadow effect. The Barada River flows through Damascus. Damascus is one of the
Damascus
Bilateral relations
demand that the entire Golan from the Jordan River to the outskirts of Damascus be demilitarized the Syrians demanded that Israel demilitarize all its
Israel–Syria_relations
movements. Tehran Spring, sometimes used to describe the period in Iran during the 1997–2005 presidency of Mohammad Khatami Damascus Spring, period in Syria
Spring (political terminology)
Spring_(political_terminology)
Syrian economist
spreading false information" for his political activity during the Damascus Spring period, and imprisoned until released by presidential pardon in 2008
Aref_Dalila
Syrian state from 1963 to 2024
election in which he ran unopposed. His election saw the birth of the Damascus Spring and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, the authorities had suppressed
Ba'athist_Syria
2000 statement by Syrian intellectuals
statement made by 99 Syrian intellectuals on 27 September 2000, during the Damascus Spring that followed Hafez al-Assad's death in June of the same year. The
Statement_of_99
2011–2024 armed conflict in Syria
political reformists and democratic activists that emerged during the Damascus Spring in the 2000s. Bashar Al-Assad claims that no 'moderate opposition'
Syrian_civil_war
Syrian general and commander of the 4th Division
regime hardliner, who reportedly favored the crackdown against the Damascus Spring movement and has been implicated in UN reports of orchestrating the
Maher_al-Assad
Lebanese journalist (1960-2005)
terms with many Syrian intellectuals, including those involved in the Damascus Spring. He was a founding member of the Democratic Left Movement, which won
Samir_Kassir
Coalition of Syrian opposition groups
member of the Syrian National Council's executive committee and former Damascus Spring figure, started in August 2012 to discuss his plans for a new structure
National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces
Neo-Ba'athist political party
Gorbachev. A brief period of political and cultural opening known as Damascus Spring was stamped out during 2001–2002, when numerous intellectuals, activists
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_–_Syria_Region
Revolution in Syria (2011–2024)
liberalization and debate regarding the country's future, in the form of the Damascus Spring, but hopes of Bashar pursuing a reformist agenda were dashed when his
Syrian_revolution
2005 joint statement by Syrian opposition groups
The Damascus Declaration (Arabic: إعلان دمشق) was a statement of unity by Syrian opposition figures issued in October 2005. It criticized the Assad regime
Damascus_Declaration
End of Assadist rule in Syria
began with the Syrian revolution in 2011. The capture of Syria's capital, Damascus, marked the end of the Assad family's rule, which had governed Syria as
Fall_of_the_Assad_regime
Syrian human rights lawyer
down by the government following his 2006 arrest. Al-Bunni defended Damascus Spring activist Aref Dalila at his 2002 trial. After presenting a blood-stained
Anwar_al-Bunni
Extradition of Syria's former president from Russia
granted asylum together with his family. Immediately following the fall of Damascus, advancing rebel forces dispatched scouting teams to locate and apprehend
Proposed handover of Bashar al-Assad to Syria
Proposed_handover_of_Bashar_al-Assad_to_Syria
Political party in Syria
lived in Beirut. Al-Hafiz died in Beirut in October 1978. During the "Damascus Spring", the initial period of Bashar al-Assad's rule, the party could meet
Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party
Syrian political statement
statement by 1000 Syrian intellectuals in January 2001, during the Damascus Spring, following the earlier Statement of 99 made in September 2000. The
Statement_of_1000
River in Syria
desert. The Barada flows out of the karst spring of Ain al-Fijah, about 27 kilometres (17 mi) north west of Damascus in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, but its
Barada
parliamentarians, became more outspoken during a period referred to as the "Damascus Spring" (July 2000-February 2001), which was crushed by the Ba'athist government
Politics_of_Ba'athist_Syria
Embargo imposed by the United States and other countries during the Syrian Civil War
bin Farhan Al Saud remarked that some dialogue would be necessary with Damascus, at least to address humanitarian issues, including a return of refugees
International sanctions against Syria
International_sanctions_against_Syria
Syrian documentary film director (1944–2011)
and played a prominent role in the events of the Damascus Spring of 2000. Amiralay was born in Damascus on 20 October 1944. He studied in Paris at Théâtre
Omar_Amiralay
German political consultant and journalist
- A Decade of Lost Chances: Repression and Revolution from Damascus Spring to Arab Spring The Syrian Uprising: Dynamics of an Insurgency, 2013. Syria:
Carsten_Wieland
British-Syrian activist and writer
Syria (HRAS) during the Damascus Spring in 2001, co-founded the Tahrir International Collective Network during the Arab Spring in 2012, and co-authored
Leila_al-Shami
Syrian groups opposed to the Assad regime during the Syrian revolution
the public platforms that had emerged during the Damascus Spring and those who later formed the Damascus Declaration alliance; that is, groups and individuals
Syrian_opposition_(2011–2024)
journalist, researcher and humanitarian aid and relief organizer from Damascus, Syria, although her family is originally from the Hama Province of Syria
Khawla_Dunia
2005 anti-Syrian protest movement in Lebanon
famous freedom and independence movements such as the Prague Spring and Damascus Spring. The names used by the local media, like the LBC and Future TV
Cedar_Revolution
2nd century Syrian Roman architect and engineer
Apollodorus of Damascus (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ Δαμασκηνός) was an architect and engineer from Roman Syria, who flourished during the 2nd century
Apollodorus_of_Damascus
Syrian economist, researcher, and writer (born 1946)
Bashar al-Assad succeeded him, there was a brief period known as the Damascus Spring, in which al-Sharaa was a prominent participant and one of the signatories
Hussein_al-Sharaa
Syrian political scientist, opposition figure
some considered a period of greater "political openness" known as the Damascus Spring. Ghalioun, from his home in Paris, began to visit Syria more frequently
Burhan_Ghalioun
Country in West Asia
election in which he ran unopposed. His election saw the birth of the Damascus Spring and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, his government had suppressed
Syria
Human rights issues from 1963 to 2024
intellectuals and cultural activists; thereby ending the Damascus Spring. At the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, the country's human rights situation remained
Human rights in Ba'athist Syria
Human_rights_in_Ba'athist_Syria
election in the summer of 2000 saw new hopes of reform and was dubbed the Damascus Spring. The period was characterized by the emergence of numerous political
History_of_Syria
Mosque in Damascus, Syria
Mosque of Damascus (Arabic: جَامِع بَنِي أُمَيَّة ٱلْكَبِيْر, romanized: Jāmiʿ Banī Umayyah al-Kabīr), located in the old city of Damascus, the capital
Umayyad_Mosque
2010s protests and revolutions in the Arab world
The Arab Spring (Arabic: الربيع العربي, romanized: ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) was a series of pro-democracy anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions
Arab_Spring
Political organization in Syria
Syria. It was considered one of the two most famous such forums of the Damascus Spring during 2000-2001 in Syria. Following the death of Syrian leader Hafez
Riad_Seif_Forum
Geocultural region in Asia and Africa
for reform in their country's religious institutions. In Syria, the Damascus Spring of 2000 to 2001 heralded the possibility of democratic change, but
Arab_world
Political party in Syria
power and drove most political parties underground. Following the Damascus Spring, there was speculation that such parties might be revived. With the
National_Bloc_(Syria)
Syrian politician
French literature and education at the University of Damascus, and was active in the Damascus Spring, helping to form and run the Jamal al-Atassi Forum
Suheir_Atassi
1976–2005 military occupation
was halted by PLO forces. The second column moved west along the Beirut–Damascus axis, before being stopped at Beirut. Another column moved north through
Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon
Syrian human rights activist
constitutional reforms. In the early 2000s, al-Maleh was a figure of the Damascus Spring. During the Syrian Civil War, he was active in opposition groups. He
Haitham_al-Maleh
supply for Damascus are the Fijeh and Barada springs. The Fijeh springs are a group of three large karstic springs - The Fijeh main spring, the Fijeh
Water management in Greater Damascus
Water_management_in_Greater_Damascus
Syrian philosopher (1934–2019)
Tizini hoped for a Marxist revolution. Tizini's 2001 critique of the Damascus Spring, Min thulathiyyat al-fasad ila qadaya al-mujtama' al-madani ('From
Tayyeb_Tizini
dissidents, and suppression of pro-democracy activists. Members of the Damascus Declaration issued a statement which said calls to amend the constitution
2007 Syrian presidential election
2007_Syrian_presidential_election
Syrian Christian writer and activist (1940–2021)
came back to Syria in 1991. Following the Damascus Spring movement, Kilo was a central figure in the Damascus Declaration of 2005 and called for "peaceful
Michel_Kilo
Far-left variant of Ba'athism in Syria
election in which he ran unopposed. His election saw the birth of the Damascus Spring and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, the authorities had suppressed
Neo-Ba'athism
Political party in Syria
al-Assad's rule and after his death, its members were very active in the Damascus Spring, a brief period of intense political and social debate that flourished
Syrian Democratic People's Party
Syrian_Democratic_People's_Party
Revolution Damascus Spring Statement of 99 Statement of 1000 Damascus Declaration Operation Outside the Box Corruption Syrian civil war Arab Spring Syrian
2000 Syrian presidential election
2000_Syrian_presidential_election
Syrian opponent
as the Damascus Spring al-Khair was released in 2005. Under the leadership of al-Khair the Syrian Communist Labour Party joined the Damascus Declaration
Abdul-Aziz_al-Khair
Syrian presidential administration from 2000 to 2024
troops first entered Damascus, Assad fled to Moscow and was granted political asylum by the Russian government. Later that day, Damascus fell to rebel forces
Presidency_of_Bashar_al-Assad
Banned opposition alliance in Syria
Riad al-Turk, jailed 1980–98). The Rally was later active in the Damascus Spring of 2000, holding seminars and advocating political freedom. However
National Democratic Rally (Syria)
National_Democratic_Rally_(Syria)
Palestinian Gaonate in Damascus, a cantor, and a liturgical poet Muzna Dureid – activist Aref Dalila – economist, Damascus Spring figure Hala Gorani – American
List_of_Syrians
Topics referred to by the same term
1000 Platforms that emerged during the Damascus Spring Riad Seif Forum Organizations associated with the Damascus Declaration Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
Syrian opposition (disambiguation)
Syrian_opposition_(disambiguation)
State highway in western Virginia, US
at Frog Level. SR 91 connects Damascus in southeastern Washington County with the northeastern county town Glade Spring, where the highway has junctions
Virginia_State_Route_91
President of the Syrian National Council
toleration of opposition that was known as the Damascus Spring. Sabra was one of 250 people who signed the Damascus Declaration in 2005, which called for peaceful
George_Sabra
1918 battle in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
The Capture of Damascus occurred on 1 October 1918 after the capture of Haifa and the victory at the Battle of Samakh which opened the way for the pursuit
Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)
Syrian writer and journalist
cultural, social and political movement after the year 2001 known as the "Damascus Spring".[citation needed] He participated in establishing civil society committees
Hussein_Aoudat
Five-Year Plan of Ba'athist Syria Sixth Five-Year Plan of Ba'athist Syria Damascus, Sadiq J. Al-Azmwas Emeritus Professor of Modern European Philosophy at
Five-Year Plan for Deregulation
Five-Year_Plan_for_Deregulation
Syrian Kurdish leader (1951–2026)
participation, until it was disbanded in 2002 following the end of the Damascus Spring. He left the KDP-S in 2003 after becoming disillusioned by the party's
Salih_Muslim
engineer, activist, and a businessman, independent (Damascus) Mohamad Nadim Sha'ban, independent (Damascus) On 15 May, Mahmoud Ahmed Marei launched his campaign
2021 Syrian presidential election
2021_Syrian_presidential_election
Syrian journalist
al-Assad as president. His coverage of the following period, known as the Damascus Spring, and his interviews with Syrian opposition figures earned him the reprimand
Ibrahim_Hamidi
Period in history of Syria
British-born wife, was said to have "inspired hopes" for reform, and a "Damascus Spring" of intense political and social debate took place from July 2000 to
Modern_history_of_Syria
worked to support and promote the values of a movement known as the Damascus Spring, which blossomed following the coming to power of the new President
Wissam_Tarif
Public high school in Damascus, Maryland, United States
Damascus High School (DHS) is a public high school in Damascus, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Montgomery County Public Schools system. Damascus
Damascus_High_School
Reuters Staff (2 December 2017). "Israeli missiles hit military post near Damascus: Syrian state TV". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017
Israel and the Syrian civil war
Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war
in for a third seven-year term on 16 July in the presidential palace in Damascus. There is scholarly consensus that the elections were not democratic. The
2014 Syrian presidential election
2014_Syrian_presidential_election
Suburb of Damascus, Syria
is a countryside area in southwestern Syria that surrounds the city of Damascus along its eastern and southern rim. Ghouta is an Arabic term (ghuta) for
Ghuta
Aram-Damascus. 732 BCE – Neo-Assyrian Empire conquers Damascus 572 BCE – Neo-Babylonians conquered Damascus 538 BCE – Achaemenid Empire annexes Damascus 333
Timeline_of_Damascus
Syrian communist democracy activist and prisoner (1930–2024)
political debate and demands for democratic changes, known as the Damascus Spring, and al-Turk resumed a prominent role. His statement on al Jazeera
Riad_al-Turk
Revolution Damascus Spring Statement of 99 Statement of 1000 Damascus Declaration Operation Outside the Box Corruption Syrian civil war Arab Spring Syrian
List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad
List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bashar_al-Assad
Flag carrier of Syria
prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war, previously serving over 50 destinations worldwide. Its main bases are Damascus International Airport
Syrian_Air
Syrian foreign policy from 2000 to 2024
July 2013, the two countries agreed to reopen the Egyptian consulate in Damascus and the Syrian consulate in Cairo. Although Egypt has not been vocal in
Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration
Foreign_policy_of_the_Bashar_al-Assad_administration
Syrian philosopher
Professor Emeritus of Modern European Philosophy at the University of Damascus in Syria and was, until 2007, a visiting professor in the Department of
Sadiq_Jalal_al-Azm
Syrian doctor and artist (born 1957)
regime. He founded the Syrian Liberal Democratic Union and joined the "Damascus Spring" movement, which briefly flourished after Bashar al-Assad became President
Kamal_al-Labwani
Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. "Assad's 20-year rule, from Damascus Spring to pariah". France 24. 9 July 2020. Gersh, Nick (6 February 2017).
Background and causes of the Syrian revolution
Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution
2010 Syrian film
Damascus with Love (Arabic: دمشق مع حبي, romanized: dimashq maa' hubbi), is a 2010 Drama film by Syrian director Mohamad Abdul Aziz. Damascus with Love
Damascus_with_Love
Syrian engineer (born 1949)
human rights more than any particular ideology. In the period known as Damascus Spring, Nyrabia was one of the initiators of the Statement of 99, a leading
Mouaffaq_Nyrabia
Damascus Spring is brought to an end by the arrest of ten civil society activists who were sentenced to between two and ten years. Over several weeks
Timeline of the history of Islam (21st century)
Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam_(21st_century)
Non-fiction book about Syrian Civil War
took part in the 2000 Damascus Spring. The third part follows the story of Sana Mustafa. Mustafa, a university student in Damascus, takes part in peaceful
We_Are_Syrians
Banned political party in Syria
claimed to be the party's true continuation. At the time of the 2000 Damascus Spring, the party was able to publish a newspaper called an-Nour ("The Light")
Syrian Communist Party (Unified)
Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)
Country in Western Asia
massacre 1999 Latakia protests Damascus Spring Ain es Saheb airstrike Syria Accountability Act 2004 Al-Qamishli riots Damascus Declaration Operation Orchard
Outline_of_Syria
Syrian writer and dissident (born 1950)
the Damascus Spring, Eid helped to establish many cultural forums around Syria. One of the most recognized was the Jamal al-Atassi Forum in Damascus, where
Abdulrazak_Eid
Town in southern Syria
around the Ain al-Fijah springs (Greek: πηγη, romanized: Pigi, means "Spring"), the source of the Barada River which supplies Damascus with freshwater. In
Ain_al-Fijah
Banned political party in Syria
party faction by his widow, Wisal Farha Bakdash. At the time of the Damascus Spring in 2000, the party was able to publish a newspaper called Sawt al-Shaab
Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)
Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)
Attempts to restore Syrian-Turkish relations
changing situation. Ankara quickly restored diplomatic relations with Damascus. The relationship between Syria and Turkey deteriorated significantly in
Syrian–Turkish_normalization
Algerian religious and military leader (1808–1883)
later, in 1855, he settled in Damascus. In 1860, his intervention to halt the massacre of the Christian community in Damascus earned him honours and awards
Emir_Abdelkader
Damascus Spring Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2010s in Syria political history Arab Spring 2011
Lebanon in the Syrian civil war
Lebanon_in_the_Syrian_civil_war
media: Damascus Spring Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war Siege of Homs 2011–2012 Damascus clashes
List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war
List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Syrian_civil_war
Syrian businessman (born 1969)
outside of Syria because of his criticism of the government during the Damascus Spring of 2001. Despite several warnings from the Syrian government not to
Rami_Makhlouf
Hoba spring without a village”. The Richard von Riess Bible Atlas of 1895 says that Hobah is “west of Karyetain, 111 kilometers northeast of Damascus”. Battle
Hobah
Syrian human rights activist (born 1970)
Hafez al-Assad, Seif's father became a key member of what became the Damascus Spring, wherein calls were made to open up Syria's political system to respect
Joumana_Seif
Mass graves found after the fall of the Assad regime
approximately 37 km (23 mi) north of Damascus, with additional mass graves discovered throughout the southern Damascus countryside and in southern Syria
Mass_graves_in_Syria
Campaign during the Syrian Civil War
March 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014. "Syria rebels say planning Damascus spring offensive". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Archived from the original
Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)
Daraa_offensive_(February–May_2014)
Syrian politician (1922–2000)
followed closely by the death of Assad himself in 2000. During the Damascus Spring (June 2000 through the autumn of 2001), a reformist pro-democracy political
Jamal_al-Atassi
Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (c. 1137 – 1193)
located in front of the 11th century Citadel of Damascus in the Ancient City of Damascus in Damascus, Syria. Biography portal Kurdistan portal Middle
Saladin
Syrian businessman and dissident (born 1946)
and was the first of several forums that "marked the onset" of the Damascus Spring. In January 2001, Seif announced his intention to create a new political
Riad_Seif
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC
relies largely on Herod's memoirs and the biased account of Nicolaus of Damascus, the tutor of Cleopatra's children in Alexandria before he moved to Judea
Cleopatra
succeeded him as president. The new political climate gave way to the Damascus Spring, which called for a number of reforms including an end to the state
Anarchism_in_Syria
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