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Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain
These are organised into horizontal cortical layers, and radially into cortical columns and minicolumns. Cortical areas have specific functions such as
Cerebral_cortex
Field of developmental neuroscience
Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated
Cortical_patterning
Conceptual theory of cerebral cortex development
Cellular differentiation Cortical patterning Protomap Cortical column Rakic, P (8 July 1988). "Specification of cerebral cortical areas". Science. 241 (4862):
Radial_unit_hypothesis
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
the firing pattern of individual neurons. Isolated cortical neurons fire regularly under certain conditions, but in the intact brain, cortical cells are
Neural_oscillation
Embryo cerebral cortex mapping
principal cortical progenitor cells, known as radial glial cells. Through a process called 'cortical patterning', the protomap is patterned by a system
Protomap_(neuroscience)
Formation of the folds of the brain's cerebral cortex
the process of cortical patterning, and the primordial map of cortical functional areas at this stage is called a 'protomap'. Cortical neurogenesis begins
Gyrification
Electric current produced in living cells
Developmental bioelectricity is the regulation of cell, tissue, and organ-level patterning and behavior by electrical signals during the development of embryonic
Developmental_bioelectricity
Biological process
cortical plate is the final plate formed in corticogenesis. It includes cortical layers two through six. The subplate is located beneath the cortical
Development of the cerebral cortex
Development_of_the_cerebral_cortex
Relation between visual stimuli and neuron activation in the visual cortex
retina. For quantitative purposes, the cortical magnification factor is normally expressed in millimeters of cortical surface per degree of visual angle.
Cortical_magnification
Type of evoked potential
on cortical activity in humans and rats, ranging from depressed to booming activity depending on SD depth. Neuroscientists use the term cortical spreading
Cortical_spreading_depression
American developmental neurobiologist and psychiatrist
studied the development of both cortical and subcortical projection neurons and interneurons, and showed that cortical interneurons are generated in the
John_Rubenstein
Transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells
by TET enzymes and enzymes of the base excision repair pathway. Cortical patterning Protomap Microcephaly Rakic, P (October 2009). "Evolution of the
Ventricular_zone
Ability of the brain to continuously change
phantom limbs were the result of cortical remapping. However, in 1995 Herta Flor and her colleagues demonstrated that cortical remapping occurs only in patients
Neuroplasticity
Visible regularity of form found in the natural world
geometric parameters: relative tangential cortical expansion and relative thickness of the cortex. Similar patterns of gyri (peaks) and sulci (troughs) have
Patterns_in_nature
development. Cortical rotation is a phenomenon that seems to be limited to Xenopus and few ancient teleosts, however the underlying mechanisms of cortical rotation
Symmetry breaking and cortical rotation
Symmetry_breaking_and_cortical_rotation
Medical condition
Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis, also known as cortical laminar necrosis and simply laminar necrosis, is the death of cells in the cerebral cortex of
Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis
Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis
Clouding of the lens inside the eye, causing poor vision
to mature or hypermature. Cortical cataracts affect the outer part (cortex) of the lens. They can appear in different patterns, such as small spots, streaks
Cataract
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
include Odz/Ten-M and other gene families with implications for cortical patterning". Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 33 (2): 136–49. doi:10.1016/j
TENM3
Rigid organs of the skeleton of vertebrates
is the boundary between the cortical bone and the cancellous bone. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon. Cancellous
Bone
Region of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
cortico‑motoneuronal projections that underwrite fine finger control. Clinically, motor‑cortical organization shapes deficits after stroke and neurodegenerative disease
Motor_cortex
Biological theory of intelligence
stability seen by the parent layer. Cortical learning algorithms are able to learn continuously from each new input pattern, therefore no separate inference
Hierarchical_temporal_memory
Neurological process
Cortical remapping, also referred to as cortical reorganization, is the process by which an existing cortical map is affected by a stimulus resulting
Cortical_remapping
Disorder of consciousness caused by severe brain damage
widely preserved cortical metabolism, and a global average metabolic rate of 65% of normal. The relatively high preservation of cortical metabolism in this
Vegetative_state
Visual impairment
existing theory is that visual snow syndrome is caused by dysfunctional cortical visual processing, or failures in the visual processing in the eye's retina
Visual_snow_syndrome
Medical condition
localized cortical hyperexcitability or hyperactivity in the posterior visual pathway. Post-geniculate cortical lesions or seizures may cause cortical deafferentation
Hallucinatory_palinopsia
Neurological factors responsible for intelligence
intelligence. Cortical thickness has also been found to correlate positively with intelligence in humans. However, the rate of growth of cortical thickness
Neuroscience_and_intelligence
Genetic disorder caused by a mutation of chromosome 15
Importantly, cortical impairment is a hallmark of many neuropsychiatric disorders. In the cortex of AS mice, there is an imbalance of cortical activity.
Angelman_syndrome
Line of stem cells for research
culture, neuronal induction factors are added first to induce neuro-cortical patterning of the spheroids, followed by factors that induce oligodendrocyte
Myelinoid
Mammalian structure involved in higher-order brain functions
competing hypotheses that explain gyrification, such as axonal tension, cortical buckling or differences in cellular proliferation rates in different areas
Neocortex
Part of the brain responsible for personality, decision-making, and social behavior
cortex has been defined based on cytoarchitectonics by the presence of a cortical granular layer IV. It is not entirely clear who first used this criterion
Prefrontal_cortex
Kidney system
from several adjacent nephrons merge to form cortical collecting tubules, and these may join to form cortical collecting ducts (CCD). Connecting tubules
Collecting_duct_system
American geneticist
H. Geschwind, Genome-wide analyses of human perisylvian cerebral cortical patterning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 17849 (Nov 6, 2007). M. Alarcon*,
Brett_Abrahams
Region of the brain that processes visual information
cluster together as cortical columns. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel proposed the classic ice-cube organization model of cortical columns for two tuning
Visual_cortex
Medical condition
seizures (epilepsy) BFPP is a cobblestone-like cortical malformation of the brain. Disruptions of cerebral cortical development due to abnormal neuronal migration
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
Bilateral_frontoparietal_polymicrogyria
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
showed that alternative splicing of GPR56 regulates regional cerebral cortical patterning. In depression patients, blood GPR56 mRNA expression increases only
GPR56
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into superficial cortical nephrons and midcortical nephrons. Juxtamedullary
Nephron
Star-shaped neurons in the central nervous system
primary visual cortex to pyramidal cells. Cortical spiny stellate cells exhibit a 'regular' firing pattern. GABAergic aspinous stellate cells are also
Stellate_cell
Degenerative neurological disorder
ganglia. The most characteristic and striking cortical abnormality has been called "cortical ribboning" or "cortical ribbon sign" due to hyperintensities resembling
Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease
Maintenance of body posture in space
of higher cortical structures noted with increase in demands of locomotor tasks. Using FMRI, Jahn et al. 2004 studied the activation pattern with three
Postural_control
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytoskeleton actin filament actin cortical patch Biological process regulation of lamellipodium assembly unidimensional
Bridging_integrator_3
Medical condition
causes along with insight into the mechanisms of normal cortical development and the regional patterning of the cerebral cortex using magnetic resonance imagine
Polymicrogyria
Scientific misconception
via structural MRI (gray/white matter volume, cortical thickness), functional MRI (activation patterns), and diffusion tensor imaging (myelination/connectivity)
Brain_matures_at_25_myth
Medical condition
for regulating the production of cortical neurons and the development of axons necessary for the formation of cortical circuits typical of FOXG1 disorders
FOXG1_syndrome
Biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input
pattern generation calls for basic rhythmicity and patterning to be centrally generated, CPGs can respond to sensory feedback to alter the patterning
Central_pattern_generator
Central organ of the human nervous system
the brain. This method is used in cortical stimulation mapping, used in the study of the relationship between cortical areas and their systemic function
Human_brain
Chronic focal seizure disorder
identified by MRI scan include hippocampal sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, other cortical developmental brain malformations, developmental and low-grade
Temporal_lobe_epilepsy
American non-profit organization
countries. Pattern therapy for patients with neuromuscular disorders was first developed by neurosurgeon Temple Fay in the 1940s. Patterning has been widely
Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential
Institutes_for_the_Achievement_of_Human_Potential
American neuroscientist (born 1964)
F., R.J. Giger, D.D. Ginty, A.L. Kolodkin, and A. Ghosh (1998). Patterning of cortical efferent projections by semaphorin-neuropilin interactions. Science
Anirvan_Ghosh
Medical condition
Vogeltanz-Holm ND, Gmel G (September 2009). "Gender and alcohol consumption: patterns from the multinational GENACIS project". Addiction. 104 (9): 1487–500.
Cerebellar_degeneration
Protein found in humans
receptor 56). The gene is implicated in the regulation of brain cortical patterning. The protein binds specifically to transglutaminase 2 in the extracellular
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 135
Coiled-coil_domain-containing_protein_135
Medical diagnostic method
allowed researchers to study the relationship between cortical structure and systemic function. Cortical stimulation mapping is used for a number of clinical
Cortical_stimulation_mapping
Protein-coding gene in the species Drosophila melanogaster
the motor protein dynein, and retained there through association with cortical actin. Translation of bicoid is regulated by its 3′ UTR and begins after
Homeotic_protein_bicoid
Electroencephalogram wave pattern during seizures
suggested to lead the firing of distant cortical cells during the epileptic discharge. Another possible initiation pattern tested in rats suggested the thalamocortical
Spike-and-wave
Phenomenon of neural activity
thalamo-cortical resonance or thalamocortical oscillation is an observed phenomenon of oscillatory neural activity between the thalamus and various cortical regions
Recurrent thalamo-cortical resonance
Recurrent_thalamo-cortical_resonance
Fold in the surface of the brain
glial cells, and a process of intercalation of cortical neurons in between cells of the outer cortical plate layer producing the outward buckling of a
Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)
Optical technique for monitoring brain activity
fNIRS, brain activity is measured by using near-infrared light to estimate cortical hemodynamic activity that occurs in response to neural activity. The use
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy
Abnormal EEG pattern
associated with excitatory activity in cortical neurons. Suppression is caused by the absence of synaptic activity of cortical neurons; however, some thalamocortical
Burst_suppression
Rare neurodegenerative disease
disease's evolution. Included in these fundamental features are problems with cortical processing, dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and a sudden and detrimental
Corticobasal_degeneration
Small projection on a neuron that receives signals
composed of one axon and many dendritic trees. Pyramidal cells are multipolar cortical neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies and large dendrites that extend
Dendrite
Area of the prefrontal cortex of primates
requires the additional cortical and subcortical circuits with which the dlPFC is connected. The dlPFC is also the highest cortical area that is involved
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex
Microcephaly combined with lissencephaly
combination exists with a normal cortical thickness (2.5 to 3 mm), it is known as "microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern" (MSGP). Both MLIS and MSGP have
Microlissencephaly
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
differentiates into the brain and spinal cord through regionalization and patterning by morphogen gradients. Subsequent stages include neurogenesis (the birth
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Electrophysiological method to record electrical activity of the brain
of the cortical gyrus, medial walls of the major lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, and brain stem. A healthy human EEG will show certain patterns of activity
Electroencephalography
Naturally recurring resting state of mind and body
integration of declarative memory with pre-existing knowledge networks on the cortical level. It assumes the hippocampus might hold information only temporarily
Sleep
Type of cerebral cortex in the brain
is characterized by having just three cortical layers (one main neural layer), in contrast with the six cortical layers of the neocortex. There are three
Allocortex
Asymmetry of the brain hemispheres
and fossil hominids, appearing reliably as early as Homo erectus. The patterning of petalias in extinct human ancestors is examined via endocasts, wherein
Yakovlevian_torque
Medical condition of the eye
affect the vision in both eyes together. Visual migraines result from cortical spreading depression and are also commonly termed scintillating scotoma
Retinal_migraine
Visual response in some blind people
(2015-10-22). "Looming sensitive cortical regions without V1 input: evidence from a patient with bilateral cortical blindness". Frontiers in Integrative
Blindsight
Book by Jeff Hawkins
observed sequences (Cognitive modules) of patterns and developing invariant representations. Higher levels of the cortical hierarchy predict the future on a longer
On_Intelligence
Early process which breaks bilateral symmetry during embryonic development
species have evolved different mechanisms of LR patterning. For example, cilia are critical for LR patterning in many vertebrate species such as humans, rodents
Left-right_asymmetry
Species of amoeba
in regulating actin polymerization and organization, localizing in the cortical actin network, discrete adhesion foci, and the perinuclear region. However
Amoeba_proteus
Birth defect of abnormally large or thick brain folds
of cortical development. Researchers suggest that approximately 40% of children diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy have some degree of cortical malformation
Pachygyria
Part of the temporal lobe of the brain
with other primary sensory cortical areas, auditory sensations reach perception only if received and processed by a cortical area. Evidence for this comes
Auditory_cortex
Projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release dopamine
component of a sequence of pathways known as the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. The nigrostriatal component of the loop consists of the SNc, giving
Dopaminergic_pathways
Theory of brain development
particular task) is static, and specific cognitive skills come “on-line” as the cortical circuitry intrinsic to a particular task matures. Johnson likens this to
Interactive_specialization
Tumor of the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenal hormones
total adrenalectomy is performed; however, a technique referred to as "cortical-sparing" can leave a remnant (piece) of the adrenal gland in hopes of avoiding
Pheochromocytoma
Embryological process forming the neural tube
tube closure as bulges called brain vesicles in a pattern specified by anterior-posterior patterning genes, including Hox genes, other transcription factors
Neurulation
Class of steroid hormones
Degreef H, Dooms-Goossens A (July 1989). "Identification of cross-reaction patterns in allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids". The British
Corticosteroid
Visual aura associated with migraine
spot Scintillating scotomas are most commonly caused by cortical spreading depression, a pattern of changes in the behavior of nerves in the brain during
Scintillating_scotoma
Structure in the brain
century emphasized cortical inputs and outputs. However, later work has suggested the claustrum has extensive connections to cortical and subcortical regions
Claustrum
Embryonic structures that become gonads
Duverger, Olivier; Morasso, Maria I. (2008). "Role of homeobox genes in the patterning, specification, and differentiation of ectodermal appendages in mammals"
Sex_cords
spreading depression, Xenopus oocyte calcium waves, and glial calcium waves in cortical tissue culture. Winfree AT. (2001). The Geometry of Biological Time. New
Spiral_wave
Neural oscillatory pattern
whereas an irregular hippocampal activity pattern was correlated with the appearance of large slow waves in the cortical EEG. Over the following decade came
Theta_wave
American neuroscientist
in hand use. Imaging used on humans shows that there are similar cortical patterns shared across human and non-human primates, but the extent to which
Leah_Krubitzer
Sexual fascination with feet
developed in that society, such as foot binding fetishism in China. The cortical homunculus is a "map" of sensory and motor neurons. Neuroscientist V. S
Foot_fetishism
Organ central to the nervous system
anterior-posterior patterning as well as axial patterning of the brain across the Bilateria, as indicated by comparison of gene expression patterns during development
Brain
Theory of brain function
theories assume that the cortical architecture can be divided into hierarchically stacked levels, which correspond to different cortical regions. Every level
Predictive_coding
Immature ovum or egg cell
Cortical granule Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources Folliculogenesis Oocyte maturation inhibitor Polar body Symmetry breaking and cortical rotation
Oocyte
Paired structure within the brain temporal lobe
complex, the central nucleus, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the intercalated cell clusters. The cortical and medial nuclei connect with the
Amygdala
Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum
the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres. Its cortical surface is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in striking contrast
Cerebellum
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
establish the anterior–posterior patterning of the cerebral cortex. FGF8 plays a pivotal role in early embryonic patterning, influencing the development of
Fibroblast_growth_factor_8
Neural oscillation in the 25–140Hz range
frontal cortical regions. Gamma waves constitute a common class of oscillatory activity in neurons belonging to the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
Gamma_wave
Structure within the brain
that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area. For the visual system, for example, inputs from the retina are sent
Thalamus
Group of subcortical nuclei involved in the motor and reward systems
least) on a cortico-cortical level (U-fibers), a cortico-striatal level (by diffuse projections from cortex to striatum), a thalamo-cortical level (by diffuse
Basal_ganglia
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
S. K.; Simon, H. D.; Modha, D. S. (2009). "The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 109 neurons, 1013 synapses". Proceedings of the Conference
Cat
Type of electrophysiological monitoring
structures such as the hippocampus. Direct cortical electrical stimulation (DCES), also known as cortical stimulation mapping, is frequently performed
Electrocorticography
Condition in which a patient is aware but completely paralysed
affected by other forms, notably the pons, with the addition of other cortical and subcortical regions. Locked in syndrome is usually characterized by
Locked-in_syndrome
American psychologist
systematic relationships with cortical folding, cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of ventral temporal cortex, and patterns of white matter connectivity,
Kalanit_Grill-Spector
Part of the brain's frontal cortex
that contains large neurons known as Betz cells, which, along with other cortical neurons, send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto the interneuron
Primary_motor_cortex
American environmental neuroscientist
expression of glutamate NMDA receptor subunits and the role that this plays in cortical responses. They recorded the neural activity of mice exposed and ones not
Darryl_B._Hood
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
Male
Romanian
Pet form of Romanian Constantin, COSTICA means "steadfast."
Male
Romanian
Corsican and Romanian form of Latin Petrus, PETRU means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Heartfelt, Affectionate, Cordial, Heart full
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cordell.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Heartfelt, Affectionate, Cordial, Heart full
Boy/Male
Tamil
Heartfelt, Affectionate, Cordial, Heart full
Boy/Male
Tamil
Hardik | ஹாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®•Â
Heartfelt, Affectionate, Cordial, Heart full
Hardik | ஹாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®•Â
Boy/Male
Latin
Critical.
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING
CORTICAL PATTERNING