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Australian biological computing company
the CL1 and Cortical Cloud service for commercial release. In 2022 a research team, including Kagan and Kitchen, funded by Cortical Labs published a paper
Cortical_Labs
Biological molecules for computations
vitro. In March 2025, Cortical Labs unveiled CL1, the world's first commercially available biological computer integrating lab-grown human neurons with
Biological_computing
Computer composed of organic material
to the nervous system. In late 2021, scientists, including two from Cortical Labs, demonstrated that grown brain cells integrated into digital systems
Wetware_computer
American futurist and journalist
Webb and Jordan point to DishBrain, a biological computer created by Cortical Labs using brain cells, and the AlphaProteo project from Google DeepMind
Amy_Webb
Area of the brain cortex with specific function
used the cortical map as their dependent variable. They found—and this has been since corroborated by a wide range of labs—that if the cortical map is deprived
Cortical_map
Region of the somatosensory cortex in some rodents and other species
the barrel field. The 'barrels' of the barrel field are regions within cortical layer IV that are visibly darker when stained to reveal the presence of
Barrel_cortex
Independent research institute in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
2026-05-21. "Former Labs | Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience". www.esi-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 2025-08-01. "Former Labs | Ernst Strüngmann
Ernst Strüngmann Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ernst_Strüngmann_Institute_der_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Central organ of the human nervous system
the brain. This method is used in cortical stimulation mapping, used in the study of the relationship between cortical areas and their systemic function
Human_brain
American neuroscientist
(1994) "Noise, neural codes and cortical organization" Current Opinion in Biology (1994) "The variable discharge of cortical neurons: implications for connectivity
William_Newsome
Representation of a small human being, common in alchemy and fiction
earlier folklore and alchemic traditions. The term lends its name to the cortical homunculus, an image of a person with the size of the body parts distorted
Homunculus
Investigational medication for essential tremor
reducing the abnormal neuronal burst firing in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuit that is believed to cause tremors. In October 2025, the drug
Ulixacaltamide
American neuroscientist
newly discovered foveolar cortical complex in natural looking behavior; together with Charles Schroeder's and Ken Shepard's labs, she will combine imaging
Anna_Wang_Roe
Device intended to restore vision to blind people
current. The German team commenced in vivo experiments in 2000, when evoked cortical potentials were measured from Yucatán micropigs and rabbits. At 14 months
Visual_prosthesis
American psychologist
visual cortex and inspired biologically grounded computational models of cortical organization. Grill-Spector received her undergraduate degree in Electrical
Kalanit_Grill-Spector
Series of microscopic tubes in the cortical bone
are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone. They allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them to supply
Haversian_canal
Tumor of the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenal hormones
total adrenalectomy is performed; however, a technique referred to as "cortical-sparing" can leave a remnant (piece) of the adrenal gland in hopes of avoiding
Pheochromocytoma
PMID 20074588. S2CID 19398166. Izhikevich, E. M. (2004). "Which model to use for cortical spiking neurons". IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 15 (5): 1063–70
AnimatLab
Part of the temporal lobe of the brain
with other primary sensory cortical areas, auditory sensations reach perception only if received and processed by a cortical area. Evidence for this comes
Auditory_cortex
Brain imaging software package
for measuring cortical thickness, surface area and folding, and for computing inter-subject registration based on the pattern of cortical folds. 57,541
FreeSurfer
American neuroscientist (born 1964)
survival of cortical neurons. Science 263:1618-1623. Ghosh, A. and M.E. Greenberg (1995). Distinct roles for bFGF and NT3 in the regulation of cortical neurogenesis
Anirvan_Ghosh
Psychological model
collectively identified as the cortical midline region. Brain imaging studies have raised the question of whether neural activity in cortical midline regions is self-specific
Self-reference_effect
Connection between brain and computer
augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation
Brain–computer_interface
American neurobiologist
human cortical development. Here, the research team studies human cortical development in premature and mature infants to analyze normal cortical maturation
David_Van_Essen
American medical device company
called the Connexus BCI, consists of the Cortical Module, Internal Transceiver, and a connecting lead. The Cortical Module is surgically placed by a neurosurgeon
Paradromics
Chemical compound
receptor was added to cortical neurons [289]. DOI (10 to 100 μM for 24 or 48 h) also induced a dose- and time-dependent apoptotic cortical neuronal apoptosis
5-MeO-MiPT
Mental illness caused by a lack of thiamine in the brain
thalamus (limbic-specific nuclei) is also associated with this disorder. Cortical dysfunction may have arisen from thiamine deficiency, alcohol neurotoxicity
Korsakoff_syndrome
American neuroscientist (born 1968)
co-hosted TEDMED. He has appeared in TV documentaries. 1997 Krieg Cortical Kudos- Cortical Scholar Award 2005 Cermak Award 2015 Elected Membership in American
Adam_Gazzaley
Medication used for high blood pressure and ADHD
the emotional responses of the amygdala, and strengthening prefrontal cortical regulation of emotion, action, and thought. These actions arise from both
Guanfacine
Chemical compound
Piracetam is a drug that has efficacy in cognitive disorders, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia; sources differ on its usefulness
Piracetam
Breed of small scent hound
steroid treatments. Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration. Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall
Beagle
Genus of single-celled organisms
Species can have unique pigments due to the colouration of their ectoplasm's cortical granules and can organize distinct configurations of their large macronuclei
Stentor_(ciliate)
American neuroscientist
distribution of developing cortical interneuron circuits and found that cell lineage does not determine clustering of cortical interneurons Following his
Corey_Harwell
Type of artificial neural network
control the weighting of the input signals. Greg Snider of HP Labs describes a system of cortical computing with memristive nanodevices. The memristors (memory
Physical_neural_network
Turkish neuroscientist
knocked out htt suggesting that proper htt function is necessary for normal cortical and striatal development. After discovering hevin, the astrocyte secreted
Cagla_Eroglu
Neuronal events sufficient for a specific conscious percept
however, these areas appear to be functionally disconnected from associative cortical areas whose activity is needed for awareness.[citation needed] The potential
Neural correlates of consciousness
Neural_correlates_of_consciousness
American neuroscientist
perceptions and drive motivated behaviors. Cardin's lab applies their knowledge of adaptive cortical circuit regulation to probe how circuit dysfunction
Jessica_Cardin
Medication used for dementia
also been proposed. Donepezil upregulates the nicotinic receptors in the cortical neurons, adding to neuroprotective activity. It inhibits voltage-activated
Donepezil
Brain stimulation using magnetic fields
Affairs medical centers provide treatments for that use. TMS stimulates cortical tissue without the pain sensations produced in transcranial electrical
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation
Electrophysiological method to record electrical activity of the brain
and cortical analysis of swallowing and detection of motor imagery of swallow for dysphagia rehabilitation—A review". Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments
Electroencephalography
standard modeling technique for cortical columnar structure. In 1992, Rojer and Schwartz demonstrated that the formation of cortical orientation vortices was
Eric_L._Schwartz
Artificial miniature brain like organ
them as regions with cerebral cortical morphology, were also positive for marker EMX1 which indicates dorsal cortical identity. These specific regions
Cerebral_organoid
Study of the brain related to specific psychological processes and behaviors
cortical areas. Cutting into small individual parts alone will not impair the rats' brains much, but taking large sections removes multiple cortical areas
Neuropsychology
American developmental neurobiologist and psychiatrist
studied the development of both cortical and subcortical projection neurons and interneurons, and showed that cortical interneurons are generated in the
John_Rubenstein
Nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
axons. Many parts of the neocortex innervate the dorsal striatum. The cortical pyramidal neurons projecting to the striatum are located in layers II-VI
Striatum
English neuropsychopharmacologist
Bolstridge M, Singh K, Fielding A, Friston K, Nutt DJ (2013) Broadband cortical desynchronisation underlies the human psychedelic state The Journal of
David_Nutt
Electrical potential evoked in the nervous system
preserved cortical responses in the subacute stage correlate with a positive outcome. SEPs can be helpful to evaluate subcortical and cortical function
Evoked_potential
Biological process of getting older
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270. S2CID 22609505. Brunet Lab: Molecular Mechanisms of Longevity and Age Related Diseases. Stanford.edu
Ageing
German neuroscientist (born 1977)
Busse explored whether and how each cortical layer performs surround suppression and coordinates this across cortical layers. Using in vivo recordings,
Laura_Busse
Psychedelic drug
Neuroimaging studies indicate that LSD reduces the efficacy of thalamo-cortical information filtering (producing sensory overload), decreases oscillatory
LSD
Ghanaian professor of engineering (born 1964)
Cortex (individual cortical columns), and neural synchrony (individual cortical areas). Utilizing these breakthroughs, Boahen's Stanford lab built the first
Kwabena_Boahen
Yellow food coloring
enabling transcranial laser speckle imaging of cortical blood flow in real time. In addition, a number of other labs have demonstrated the utility of tartrazine
Tartrazine
Chemical compound
activity. As it is CB1 agonist, it can indirectly release dopamine in cortical areas of the frontal brain. JWH-018 can induce dopaminergic and hypnotic
JWH-018
Biological model of 2 or more cell types
nervous system. For example, fusion of thalamic and cortical neural organoids models thalamo-cortical projections of ascending sensory input while cortico-striatal
Assembloid
Process of generalization
1002/hbm.20950. PMC 6870700. PMID 20108224. S2CID 22661328. James W. Lewis "Cortical Networks Related to Human Use of Tools" 12 (3): 211–231 The Neuroscientist
Abstraction
American-born computer scientist
out Body Labs which commercialized 3D body model technology for the clothing and games industry. Black was a co-founder and investor. Body Labs was acquired
Michael_J._Black
Totality of psychological phenomena
Manuel F.; Lebedev, Mikhail A.; Popescu, Aurel I. (2017). "Prefrontal Cortical Microcircuits Support the Emergence of Mind". In Opris, Ioan (ed.). The
Mind
Nerve disorder affecting certain muscle(s) during specific activities
body part (such as individual fingers) occupies a distinct area on these cortical maps. In dystonia, these maps lose their distinct borders and overlap occurs
Focal_dystonia
Human disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis
pertussis. In infants who develop encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage and cortical atrophy occur, likely due to hypoxia. A physician's overall impression
Whooping_cough
Minor form of stroke
symptoms such as amnesia, confusion, incoordination of limbs, unusual cortical visual symptoms (such as isolated bilateral blindness or bilateral positive
Transient_ischemic_attack
South Korean neuroscientist and neuroimmunologist
offspring. The IL-17a released by T cells in the mother leads to abnormal cortical phenotypes in the offspring suggesting that targeting these specific T
Gloria_Choi
American computational neuroscientist
through frequent workshops, on how to apply these tools in their own labs. The Stringer Lab also aims to fit biologically inspired deep network models to neural
Carsen_Stringer
American neuroscientist
research the evolution of the neocortex in mammals. Her lab has been focusing on studying cortical evolution and development, as well as, the parietal cortex
Leah_Krubitzer
Nerve sensors used in brain-computer interfaces
stimulation in the hippocampus, thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus. Closed-loop cortical neuromodulation has also been investigated as a treatment technique for
Neural_dust
American clinical psychologist
PMID 30525801. S2CID 54475249. Saxbe, D.; Martínez-García, M. (2024). "Cortical volume reductions in men transitioning to first-time fatherhood reflect
Darby_Saxbe
Central nervous system stimulant
"Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions". Biological Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1377–1384. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych
Methylphenidate
Infection of the bones
changes will not be seen on plain films. Radiographs or CT can show the cortical destruction of advanced osteomyelitis, but can miss nascent or indolent
Osteomyelitis
American neuroscientist (1916–1998)
section at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland to study cortical functioning in monkeys. She collaborated with Mortimer Mishkin (whom she
Josephine_Semmes
Dox. Dox managed to sway him onto his R.E.B.E.L.S. team by stealing the cortical implant used to control Tribulus. Tribulus assisted the team into defeating
List of DC Comics characters: T
List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_T
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
Antagonists: The Controversy over Their Potential for Adverse Effects on Cortical Neuronal Morphology". Brain Edema IX. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum
Phencyclidine
American neuroscientist
contributions, the Macklis lab first invented and developed now widely-used approaches to isolate, protect, and FACS purify healthy mouse cortical projection neurons
Jeffrey_Macklis
Spanish-American neuroscientist (born 1963)
cortical ensembles. Cell 178, 447-457.. Carrillo-Reid, L., Yang, W., Bando, Y., Peterka, D. and Yuste, R. (2016). Imprinting and recalling cortical ensembles
Rafael_Yuste
German cognitive scientist (born 1973)
Journal". aijourn.com. Retrieved 12 December 2025. Bach, Joscha (2019). "The Cortical Conductor Theory: Towards Addressing Consciousness in AI Models". In Samsonovich
Joscha_Bach
American neurosurgeon
determine the selective tuning of cortical neurons to specific acoustic and phonetic features in consonants and vowels. His lab discovered the neural coding
Edward_Chang_(neurosurgeon)
3D in vitro tissue culture system
three labs published protocols for fusing regionalised organoids: "Assembled Spheroids" (Pașca), "Fused Organoids" (Knoblich), and "Fused MGE-cortical Organoids"
Neural_organoid
Italian molecular biologist (born 1971)
and assembly of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Her lab develops in vitro models of human cortical development and pathology using 3D cerebral organoids
Paola_Arlotta
Human disease
Horning, GM.; Hellstein, JW. (Dec 2001). "Myospherulosis complicating cortical block grafting: a case report". J Periodontol. 72 (12): 1755–9. doi:10
Myospherulosis
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
no biophysical evidence that cortical neurons are selective to synchronous input at this point of precision, and cortical activity with synchrony this
Binding_problem
Extinct species of mammal from Australasia
when hunting instead. In 2017, Berns and Ashwell published comparative cortical maps of thylacine and Tasmanian devil brains, showing that the thylacine
Thylacine
Branch of machine learning
"Dynamic plasticity influences the emergence of function in a simple cortical array". Neural Networks. 9 (7): 1119–1129. doi:10.1016/0893-6080(96)00033-0
Deep_learning
American neurophysiologist (born 1956)
leading their ten-year project concerning high-throughput large-scale cortical coding. The mission is to understand the computations that lead from photons
Christof_Koch
American neuroscientist and professor
(1995). "Cortical plasticity, learning, and learning dysfunction". In B. Julesz; I. Kovacs (eds.). Maturational Windows and Adult Cortical Plasticity
Michael_Merzenich
Australian pathologist (born 1937)
physiological dysfunction of cortical bones of mice having hyperactivated STAT3 proteins in their bone cells. Cortical bone maturation depends on SOCS3-mediated
Thomas_Martin_(pathologist)
Israeli theoretical neuroscientist (born 1949)
codes, sensory representations, dynamics and function of sensory and motor cortical circuits, and large-scale structure and dynamics of human brain. He also
Haim_Sompolinsky
Chronic medical condition
large set of symptoms. Several studies suggest neuroinflammation in the cortical and limbic regions of the brain. Individuals with ME/CFS, for instance
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome
Diseases caused by dysfunction of ion channels or related proteins
(September 2018). "Sodium Channel SCN3A (NaV1.3) Regulation of Human Cerebral Cortical Folding and Oral Motor Development". Neuron. 99 (5): 905–913.e7. doi:10
Channelopathy
Device alleged to alter consciousness
and religious beliefs may be mediated differentially by subcortical and cortical phenomenological processes of the temporal (limbic) lobes". Perceptual
God_helmet
Central nervous system stimulant
dysfunctional dopaminergic reward circuitry along the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop. As of July 2024, lisdexamfetamine is the only USFDA- and TGA-approved
Amphetamine
Neurodevelopmental disorder
have shown evidence for a higher connectivity between subcortical and cortical regions, such as between the caudate and prefrontal cortex. The degree
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
American neuroscientist
humans in the field of neuroprosthetics, brain-computer interfaces, and cortical repair. Andersen was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, on October 27
Richard A. Andersen (neuroscientist)
Richard_A._Andersen_(neuroscientist)
Study of mental functions and behaviors
influential book in this field was Alexander Luria's magnum opus, Higher Cortical Functions in Man (1962). Contemporary neuropsychology is undergoing a rapid
Psychology
Personality construct
accounted for by a decreased activation of the fusiform and extrastriate cortical regions. The underlying biological surfaces for processing expressions
Psychopathy
American neuroscientist, researcher
Honasoge A, Yancey CR, Rivera IM, Rubio MD, Rumbaugh G and Sweatt JD (2010) Cortical DNA methylation maintains remote memory. Nature Neuroscience 13: 664–6
Courtney_A._Miller
Anticonvulsant medication
receptor. These actions are thought to inhibit release of glutamate at cortical projections in the ventral striatum limbic areas, and its neuroprotective
Lamotrigine
Ancestor of domestic pigeon
Additionally, the kidneys of birds contain a medullary region, and a cortical region, similar to mammalian kidneys. However, the nephrons of birds cannot
Rock_dove
high-level cortical areas. The IBL's research model relies on standardizing all experimental and data processing methods across its participating labs to ensure
International Brain Laboratory
International_Brain_Laboratory
Fatal complication of epilepsy
generalized seizure. PGES has been interpreted as evidence of widespread cortical shutdown and impaired arousal. Although PGES occurs in both fatal and nonfatal
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Sudden_unexpected_death_in_epilepsy
American scientist and novelist
of cortical points, terminating at a final locus of motor cortical activity, which holds the limb at a spatial location. Since 2010 Graziano's lab has
Michael_Graziano
Supernatural being originating in folklore
original on 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2015-02-17. A case of progressive posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) with vivid hallucination: are some ghost tales vivid hallucinations
Ghost
Conscious subjective experience
"The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity". Emotion. 4 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.95. PMID 15053729
Emotion
Spanish neurobiologist
supervisor Louis Reichardt. Beatriz then formed her own lab focusing specifically on mammalian cortical networks and neurodevelopment disorders. Rico started
Beatriz_Rico_(neuroscientist)
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CORTICAL LABS