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Encyclopedia of empirical studies on copyright
Copyright Evidence is an English language wiki encyclopedia of empirical studies on copyright. The website categorises legal studies on copyright through
Copyright_Evidence
Legal concept regulating rights of a creative work
A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative
Copyright
America, copyright grants monopoly protection for "original works of authorship". With the stated purpose to promote art and culture, copyright law assigns
Copyright law of the United States
Copyright_law_of_the_United_States
Legal process recording publication of a work
facility where copies of work can be lodged to establish legal evidence of a copyright claim. There are also requirements to file certain published works
Copyright_registration
Illegal usage of copyrighted works
Copyright infringement (sometimes referred to as piracy) is the use of works protected by copyright without permission for usage where such permission
Copyright_infringement
Kingdom, a copyright is an intangible property right subsisting in certain qualifying subject matter. Copyright law is governed by the Copyright, Designs
Copyright law of the United Kingdom
Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom
original on January 24, 2025. Retrieved January 4, 2025. "Statistics - Copyright EVIDENCE". www.copyrightevidence.org. Retrieved 2021-05-01. "Statistics - ChoralWiki"
List_of_wikis
Notice to inform consumers of claimed copyright ownership
United States copyright law, a copyright notice is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to copyright ownership
Copyright_notice
American birthday song
without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, so "Happy Birthday" was in the public domain. Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that
Happy_Birthday_to_You
1998 United States copyright law
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a 1998 United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
Copyright law in the use of AI
intelligence models raised questions about the copyright status of AI-generated works, and about whether copyright infringement occurs when such are trained
Artificial intelligence and copyright
Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright
American AI researcher (1998–2024)
after accusing OpenAI, his former employer, of violating United States copyright law. His death drew widespread attention because of his purported whistleblower
Suchir_Balaji
Contract to become rightholder of a creative work
A copyright transfer agreement or copyright assignment agreement is an agreement that transfers the copyright for a work from the copyright owner to another
Copyright_transfer_agreement
Vietnamese animated series by SConnect
lost a copyright battle against Hasbro due to its similarity to Peppa Pig, and was ordered to remove its Wolfoo videos from all platforms. Evidence was found
Wolfoo
Shadow library search engine
downloads. It has nonetheless been targeted for engaging in large-scale copyright infringement, facing government blocks and legal action from rightsholders
Anna's_Archive
United States copyright law
The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act – also known as the Copyright Term Extension Act, Sonny Bono Act, or (derisively) the Mickey Mouse Protection
Copyright_Term_Extension_Act
Copyright in architecture is an important, but little understood subject in the architectural discipline. Copyright is a legal concept that gives the
Copyright in architecture in the United States
Copyright_in_architecture_in_the_United_States
Canadian statutes controlling copyright
first colonial copyright statute in 1832 but was subject to imperial copyright law established by Britain until 1921. Current copyright law was established
Copyright_law_of_Canada
Governs the right to control the use and distribution of artistic and creative works
The copyright law of South Africa governs copyright, the right to control the use and distribution of artistic and creative works, in the Republic of
Copyright_law_of_South_Africa
or physical evidence preservation. However, like poor man's copyright, they establish only temporal proof of possession, not legal copyright ownership,
Poor_man's_copyright
1992 American TV series or program
Retrieved March 20, 2016. "Bodies of evidence: no. 446705, Street justice / a Roundelay production in..." United States Copyright Office. Retrieved March 20, 2016
Bodies of Evidence (TV series)
Bodies_of_Evidence_(TV_series)
European Union copyright protections
law. The main copyright directives are the Copyright Term Directive 2006, the Information Society Directive and the Directive on Copyright in the Digital
Copyright law of the European Union
Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union
1998 U.S. federal law
The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA) is United States federal law that creates a conditional 'safe harbor' for online service
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act
Supreme Court of Canada case
findings of personal liability for copyright infringement, except for the CEO of France Animation, against whom the evidence was insufficient in its view,
Cinar_Corp_v_Robinson
copyrights describes the use in Canadian law of collective societies to manage licenses for copyrighted material belonging to more than one copyright
Collective administration of copyrights
Collective_administration_of_copyrights
Technology to control access to copyrighted works and prevent unauthorized copying
DRM is controversial. There is an absence of evidence about the DRM capability in preventing copyright infringement, some complaints by legitimate customers
Digital_rights_management
The copyright law of Moldova regulates the copyright laws of Moldova. The first official decree related to copyrights in the country was made on 25 November
Copyright_law_of_Moldova
Digital image output of computer display
infringement of copyright on their program, as it is a derivative work of the widgets and other art created for the software. Regardless of copyright, screenshots
Screenshot
of copyright with the Copyright Office is not obligatory, but if registration has taken place the Register of Copyrights gives prima facie evidence of
Copyright_law_of_Pakistan
Concept in United States copyright law
permits limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance
Fair_use
Protocol or law, adopted in several countries, aimed at reducing piracy
file sharing. In response to online copyright infringement, the creative industries, who are reliant on copyright, advocate a "graduated response" that
Graduated_response
Trade association in the UK
& Federation Against Copyright Theft [2009] EWCA Civ 1156) where the Court judgment made clear the legality of providing evidence to support a private
Federation Against Copyright Theft
Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft
Reverse-engineering without infringing copyright
infringing any of the copyrights associated with the original design. Clean-room design is useful as a defense against copyright infringement because it
Clean-room_design
The Copyright (Infringing File Sharing) Amendment Act 2011 is an Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which amends the Copyright Act 1994. The law became
Copyright (Infringing File Sharing) Amendment Act 2011
Copyright_(Infringing_File_Sharing)_Amendment_Act_2011
Court order for search and seizure of evidence
destruction of relevant evidence, particularly in cases of alleged trademark, copyright or patent infringements. The order is named after the 1975 English case
Anton_Piller_order
property (IP) of video games through copyright, patents, and trademarks, shares similar issues with the copyrightability of software as a relatively new area
Intellectual property protection of video games
Intellectual_property_protection_of_video_games
Parascientific Spiritual blueprint & guide to synergistic living
2020, the Court of Florence issued an order stating that there can be no copyright over the Human Design system. The order followed a lawsuit filed by Human
Human_Design
AI copyright lawsuit
produce evidence of verbatim reproductions, which violated the company's terms of use, and argued that certain claims were time-barred under copyright law's
The New York Times v. Microsoft and OpenAI
The_New_York_Times_v._Microsoft_and_OpenAI
Permissive free software license
known as the "Expat License" . It has the following terms: Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
MIT_License
model in March 2026, opting instead to build a stronger evidence base before pursuing any copyright reform. Conversely, the academic and library sectors
Copyright and artificial intelligence in the United Kingdom
Copyright_and_artificial_intelligence_in_the_United_Kingdom
of copyright with the Copyright Office is not obligatory, but if registration has taken place the Register of Copyrights gives prima facie evidence of
Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh
Video-sharing platform
successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a YouTube copyright strike. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a
YouTube
2012 US decision on copyright infringement
people uploading material in breach of copyright. There was no evidence these were myVidster users, nor evidence of a link between such people and myVidster
Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with
Wikipedia
Defunct file hosting service (2005–2012)
evidence supporting criminality, but in other copyright cases having a site search has been described as evidence in support of criminality and in Atari v
Megaupload
United States intellectual property law case
ruled that the copying of a copyrighted BIOS software during the development of an emulator software does not constitute copyright infringement, but is covered
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp.
Concept in copyright law
In copyright law, a work made for hire (work for hire or WFH) is a work whose copyright is initially owned by an entity other than the actual creator as
Work_for_hire
Cultural item spread via the Internet
memes constitutes copyright infringement. Fair use is a defense under US copyright law which protects work made using other copyrighted works. Section 107
Internet_meme
as copyright, or if the intellectual property rights to the works have expired. Works automatically enter the public domain when their copyright has
Public domain in the United States
Public_domain_in_the_United_States
Presenting another author's work as own original work
copyright infringement, violation of moral rights, or torts. In academia and in industry, it is a serious ethical offense. Plagiarism and copyright infringement
Plagiarism
British computer programmer
York charged O'Dwyer with conspiracy to commit copyright infringement and criminal infringement of copyright. O'Dwyer's lawyer Ben Cooper opposed extradition
Richard_O'Dwyer
1999 video game
in 2022 because of persistent use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act by a copyright troll to remove traces of the game's existence off of the internet
Cookie's_Bustle
Ownership of creative expressions and processes
countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual property
Intellectual_property
Deliberately incorrect entry in a reference work
maps, and directories, added by the editors as copyright traps to reveal subsequent plagiarism or copyright infringement. There are more specific terms for
Fictitious_entry
German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur (born 1974)
experts in Internet copyright issues. Dotcom's American lawyer, Ira Rothken, said they would need about US$500,000 to get evidence from the appropriate
Kim_Dotcom
discussed in relation to copyright law, as the unauthorized downloading or distribution of copyrighted material may constitute copyright infringement and has
Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing
Lawsuit in the United States
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset was the first file-sharing copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States brought by major record labels to
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset
Capitol_Records,_Inc._v._Thomas-Rasset
Digital copyright registration service
Safe Creative is a digital copyright registration service to show evidence of copyright registration for the owners of the creative material in the case
Safe_Creative
2012 Australian court case on copyright law
peer-to-peer-file-sharing network BitTorrent and found evidence that iiNet users had infringed the film companies' copyright. As of July 2008, AFACT sent notices to
Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd
Roadshow_Films_Pty_Ltd_v_iiNet_Ltd
Supreme Court of Canada case
Alberta (Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright) [2012] 2 SCR 345, 2012 SCC 37 is a Supreme Court of Canada case that considered
Alberta (Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)
Alberta_(Education)_v_Canadian_Copyright_Licensing_Agency_(Access_Copyright)
A copyright is the legal protection granted to the owner of the rights to an original work. An original work refers to every production in the literary
Copyright law of the Philippines
Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines
Standard in US copyright law
similarity, in US copyright law, is the standard used to determine whether a defendant has infringed the reproduction right of a copyright. The standard arises
Substantial_similarity
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
malicious code. The ethics of its development, particularly the use of copyrighted content as training data, have also drawn controversy. ChatGPT is a chatbot
ChatGPT
Supreme Court of Canada case
"requires that the Copyright Act apply equally between traditional and more technologically advanced forms of the same media." Absent evidence of Parliament's
Entertainment Software Ass'n v Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada
Entertainment_Software_Ass'n_v_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada
American singer (1958–2009)
offered to him. Jackson's early purchases of music catalogs and song copyrights, such as the Sly Stone collection, included "Everyday People" (1968),
Michael_Jackson
1710 British copyright legislation
The Statute of Anne, also known as the Copyright Act 1709 or the Copyright Act 1710 (cited either as 8 Ann. c. 21 or as 8 Ann. c. 19), was an act of the
Statute_of_Anne
American Court of Appeals Case
maintenance constituted an unauthorized software copy and therefore a copyright violation. The court held that it did, although the United States Congress
MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.
MAI_Systems_Corp._v._Peak_Computer,_Inc.
Mark made as a proof of identity and intent
infringe copyright. The name itself will not be protected by copyright; it is the appearance of the signature which is protected. "Copyright Basics Archived
Signature
US copyright infringement court decision
received some criticism for stating that "the most persuasive evidence that the copyrights are valid and owned by the plaintiff" was that Warner Bros. had
Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc.
Grand_Upright_Music,_Ltd._v._Warner_Bros._Records_Inc.
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60) (PACE) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which instituted a legislative framework for
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984
1972 pornographic film by Gerard Damiano
sold in licensed sex shops in the UK. Deep Throat was released without a copyright notice. Because Peraino had used four wall distribution for all of Deep
Deep_Throat_(film)
U.S. system to determine copyright license terms
The Copyright Royalty Board (CRB) is a U.S. system of three copyright royalty judges who determine rates and terms for copyright statutory licenses and
Copyright_Royalty_Board
Judgement of the Canadian Federal Court of Appeal
Canadian copyright law. The Federal Court of Canada found that the plaintiff's moral rights had not been violated because there was no objective evidence that
Prise de parole Inc. v Guérin, éditeur Ltée.
Prise_de_parole_Inc._v_Guérin,_éditeur_Ltée.
Philosophy
The philosophy of copyright considers philosophical issues linked to copyright policy, and other jurisprudential problems that arise in legal systems'
Philosophy_of_copyright
American blogger (born 1978)
April 27, 2019, at The Space in Las Vegas. A suit against Hilton for copyright infringement was filed by Zomba Label Group on October 11, 2007, stating
Perez_Hilton
Microscopic artwork built into integrated circuits
was strong evidence that the design was copied (a copyright violation) and not independently derived. A 1984 revision of the US copyright law (the Semiconductor
Chip_art
Digital archive by the Internet Archive
archives. In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published
Wayback_Machine
1970 law review article by Stephen Breyer
"The Uneasy Case for Copyright: A Study of Copyright in Books, Photocopies, and Computer Programs" was an article in the Harvard Law Review by future
The_Uneasy_Case_for_Copyright
Genre of split-screen video
scholarly evidence supporting such claims is not conclusive. The concept of sludge content originates with methods used to subvert copyright detection
Sludge_content
American singer and drummer (1950–1983)
characters. It was withdrawn from circulation in 1990 after Haynes lost a copyright infringement lawsuit filed by Richard Carpenter. The film's title is derived
Karen_Carpenter
Fair dealing is a statutory exception to copyright infringement, and is also referred to as a user's right (as opposed to an owner's right). According
Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law
Fair_dealing_in_Canadian_copyright_law
due to usage of copyrighted characters without the original creator or copyright owner's consent. Significant amounts of copyrightable creative works such
Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction
Postulated right
Common law copyright is the legal doctrine that grants copyright protection based on common law of various jurisdictions, rather than through protection
Common_law_copyright
Pseudonym of the creator of Bitcoin
Copyright Office issued a press release clarifying that this was not the case (as they primarily determine whether a work is eligible for copyright,
Satoshi_Nakamoto
Copyright license for free use of a work
public copyright licenses produced by Creative Commons (CC), a U.S. non-profit corporation, that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work"
Creative_Commons_license
the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) within the field of copyright and related rights. PR = Request for a preliminary ruling (under Article
EU_copyright_case_law
1985 film
scrutinized whether the copyright in the book Anne of Green Gables had ever devolved to the heirs and called for extensive filing of evidence on this point. Sullivan
Anne of Green Gables (1985 film)
Anne_of_Green_Gables_(1985_film)
German-American murder victim (1959–1994)
granted the proceeds from the book. The Goldman family still own the copyright, media rights, and movie rights, and they have acquired Simpson's name
Nicole_Brown_Simpson
Period of rapid progress in AI
its environmental impact, dominance by US Big Tech companies, effect on copyright, proliferation of deepfakes, threats to cybersecurity and biosecurity
AI_boom
American multinational publishing company
instance, while the copyright registrations submitted in evidence identified someone other than Cengage or Pearson as the copyright holder, trial testimony
Wiley_(publisher)
Preservation of legal rights in the reuse of a work
Copyleft is the legal technique of granting certain freedoms over copies of copyrighted works with the requirement that the same rights be preserved in derivative
Copyleft
Type of machine learning model
authors over AI copyright claims". Associated Press. 25 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025. "Meta fends off authors' U.S. copyright lawsuit over
Large_language_model
Scientific research paper file sharing website
that provides free access to millions of research papers, regardless of copyright, by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways. Unlike Library Genesis
Sci-Hub
Book and play by J. M. Barrie
version, which became popular on television. In 1929, Barrie gave the copyright of the Peter Pan works to Great Ormond Street Hospital, a children's hospital
Peter_Pan_(play_and_novel)
American fantasy drama TV series (2011–2019)
"Jon Snow Lives! Glenn Dies! When Revealing Plot Twists Constitutes Copyright Infringement". Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law. 22
Game_of_Thrones
2025 report by the United States Department of Health
Treatment for Pediatric Gender Dysphoria: Review of Evidence and Best Practices is a report published on May 1, 2025, by the United States Department of
Trump administration HHS gender dysphoria report
Trump_administration_HHS_gender_dysphoria_report
British legal case
a seminal English case on the nature of copyright. In it the court establishes the extent for which copyright protection is given for a work and at which
Kenrick_v_Lawrence
American law professor (born 1969)
Millennium Copyright Act," Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal (March 2006) "Will Fair Use Survive? Free Expression in the Age of Copyright Control"
Jonathan_Zittrain
Legislations regarding telephone calls
wiretapper would infringe the copyright in the audio transmission even if they recorded it directly rather than accessing the copyright owner's recording of it
Telephone_call_recording_laws
Appeals court case
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case concerning copyright infringement of sound recording. In August 2013, Pharrell Williams, Robin
Pharrell Williams v. Bridgeport Music
Pharrell_Williams_v._Bridgeport_Music
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