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The contingent negative variation (CNV) is a negative slow surface potential, as measured by electroencephalography (EEG), that occurs during the period
Contingent_negative_variation
Neurological measurement
William Grey Walter in 1962 and published in 1964. It is the contingent negative variation (CNV). The CNV also comprises two waves; the initial wave (i
Bereitschaftspotential
British neurophysiologist (1910–1977)
1960s, Walter also went on to discover the contingent negative variation (CNV) effect whereby a negative spike of electrical activity appears in the
William_Grey_Walter
Brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
they reported the first cognitive ERP component, called the contingent negative variation (CNV). Sutton, Braren, and Zubin (1965) made another advancement
Event-related_potential
Connection between brain and computer
controlling external objects using EEG signals, and especially use of Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) potential as a challenge for BCI control. Vidal's 1977
Brain–computer_interface
membrane potentials, the bereitschaftspotential, or the BP, and contingent negative variation, or the CNV, play a pivotal role in premovement neuronal activity
Premovement_neuronal_activity
Component in a sequence of stimuli
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
Mismatch_negativity
Disorder resulting in recurrent moderate–severe headaches
"Exploring the cortical habituation in migraine patients based on contingent negative variation". Frontiers in Neurology. 14 1226554. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023
Migraine
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
election in the second round. The supplementary vote (SV) is a variation of the contingent vote in which the voter ranks only two of the candidates in order
Contingent_vote
Three membranes protecting the brain
"Exploring the cortical habituation in migraine patients based on contingent negative variation". Frontiers in Neurology. 14 1226554. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023
Meninges
Gaining awareness of biological processes
from 300 ms to several seconds. These potentials include the contingent negative variation (CNV), readiness potential, movement-related potentials (MRPs)
Biofeedback
Topics referred to by the same term
Nationaal Vakverbond in Dutch Trade Unions Copy number variation in genetics contingent negative variation in evoked potentials Cranial nerve V, also known
CNV
Characteristic of human brain under electroencephalography (EEG)
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
N400_(neuroscience)
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
N200_(neuroscience)
Evoked potential in the brain
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
N100
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
P3a
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component Lateralized
Difference_due_to_memory
Brain response to faces
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
N170
Peak in electrical brain activity
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
P600_(neuroscience)
P600 Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Error-related negativity Late positive component Lateralized
Early left anterior negativity
Early_left_anterior_negativity
Electrical potential evoked in the nervous system
Bereitschaftspotential Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Event-related potential
Evoked_potential
Electrical activity in the brain
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Late positive component Lateralized
Error-related_negativity
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
N2pc
American neuroscientist
Neurosciences. Hillyard's research began by investigating the contingent negative variation and hemispheric specialization in the brain. His seminal work
Steven_A._Hillyard
Electrical activity in the brain
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
Somatosensory evoked potential
Somatosensory_evoked_potential
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
P3b
studies on event preparation examining the foreperiod of the contingent negative variation (CNV), which orients the subject to respond to warned stimuli
Lateralized readiness potential
Lateralized_readiness_potential
Bereitschaftspotential C1 and P1 Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
P200
German neurologist
in Parkinson's disease. An electrophysiological study of the contingent negative variation. Brain 122: 2365–2373 H. H. Kornhuber, L. Deecke: Wille und
Lüder_Deecke
cortex. Bereitschaftspotential Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Electroencephalography Electroretinography
Visual_N1
Consequence affecting an organism's future behavior
reinforcement. There is also negative reinforcement, which involves taking away an undesirable stimulus. An example of negative reinforcement would be taking
Reinforcement
Grammar of the Kannada language
adverbial participle with -ade, ex. māḍade ("without having done"). The contingent future, or future of possibility (sambhāvana), conveys the sense of speculation
Kannada_grammar
Bereitschaftspotential Contingent negative variation Difference due to memory Early left anterior negativity Error-related negativity Late positive component
C1_and_P1
MeSH G07.453.450 – evoked potentials MeSH G07.453.450.250 – contingent negative variation MeSH G07.453.450.350 – event-related potentials, p300 MeSH G07
List_of_MeSH_codes_(G07)
pressure MeSH G11.561.232.508 – laterality MeSH G11.561.250.250 – contingent negative variation MeSH G11.561.250.350 – event-related potentials, p300 MeSH G11
List_of_MeSH_codes_(G11)
In oligopoly theory, conjectural variation is the belief that one firm has an idea about the way its competitors may react if it varies its output or
Conjectural_variation
Situation where total gains match total losses
game, where the n+1st player, denoted the fictitious player, receives the negative of the sum of the gains of the other n-players (the global gain / loss)
Zero-sum_game
Form of academic debate
least three female members and one third of the entire contingent must be female. Another variation used at university level debates is the 'secret topic'
Australia–Asia_debating
Non-pathological explanation of mental function variations
disability purely to inherent deficits. It instead situates human cognitive variation in the context of biodiversity and the politics of minority groups. Some
Neurodiversity
Subfield of genetics that studies biological invasions
genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to new environments, and the effect of population bottlenecks on genetic variation. Since its
Invasion_genetics
Type of bond
effect usual with plain vanilla convertibles structures. Contingent convertibles are a variation of the mandatory convertibles. They are automatically converted
Convertible_bond
Data visualization
Interpretation of a Bland-Altman plot is contingent on the construction of the plot and data at hand. Variations to the default plot have introduced throughout
Bland–Altman_plot
Human emotional need
A distinction is made between contingent (or conditional) and non-contingent (or unconditional) self-esteem. Contingent self-esteem is derived from external
Self-esteem
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
Touching the stove was positively punished. Negative punishment (penalty) (also called "punishment by contingent withdrawal") occurs when a behavior (response)
Operant_conditioning
Type of high-risk loan
payment structure at the time of issuance. That is to say, there is "no variation from period to period other than as scheduled at the time of issuance"
PIK_loan
Field in social science
understand those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition. A variation on this, peace studies, is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention
Peace_and_conflict_studies
Subconscious accumulation of information from the environment
and/or goals. Two models of pre-attentive processing are pure-capture and contingent-capture. The "pure-capture" model focuses on stimulus salience. If certain
Pre-attentive_processing
Standard example in game theory
the mix in the initial population. The introduction of mutation (random variation during reproduction) lessens the dependency on the initial population;
Prisoner's_dilemma
Hand game for two or more players
game's simple basic structure, there are many rule variations, as noted below. For example, in one variation a hand can only be knocked out by a sum of exactly
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Search algorithm
maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of. Initially, alpha is negative infinity and beta is positive infinity, i.e. both players start with their
Alpha–beta_pruning
Concept in psychology
improved the effects of contingent vouchers on short-term smoking abstinence. However, in the long term, the effects of contingent vouchers had no impact
Contingency_management
Type of formal logic
necessary if it is not possibly false (i.e. true and necessarily true); contingent if it is not necessarily false and not necessarily true (i.e. possible
Modal_logic
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
2025). Prompting Science Report 1: Prompt Engineering is Complicated and Contingent (Report). SSRN 5165270. Bousquette, Isabelle (April 25, 2025). "The Hottest
Prompt_engineering
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
may be trivially modified to additionally return an entire Principal Variation along with a minimax score. The pseudocode for the depth-limited minimax
Minimax
Suppression of autistic behaviors
minority stress that may prevent someone being stigmatized, but can also negatively impact their mental health. Autistic people have cited social acceptance
Autistic_masking
Situation where all parties are worse off
differs from that for any one player (as in the prisoner's dilemma). A variation of a no-win situation found in video gaming is a softlock, a scenario
No-win_situation
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
Energy obtained a half-billion dollars with an additional $1.7 billion contingent on meeting milestones. Scenarios developed in the 2000s and early 2010s
Fusion_power
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
strategies formulated specifically to combat tit-for-tat failed due to their negative interactions with each other; a successful strategy other than tit-for-tat
Tit_for_tat
Overuse of a shared resource
because they would be unable to provide for each child adequately. Such negative feedback is found in the animal kingdom. Hardin said that if the children
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast
wastewater treatment industries. The thickness of a kombucha SCOBY is contingent on all brewing conditions, but one study reported an average thickness
SCOBY
as positive in the variational inequality, and negative in the corresponding projected dynamical system. Differential variational inequality Dynamical
Projected_dynamical_system
Marvel Comics superhero
Spider-Man, such as Spider-Man Noir and Spider-Gwen. Spider-Man encounters a contingent of spider-people from all over the Multiverse that banded together to
Spider-Man
2007 film by Francis Lawrence
the script, while Lawrence was in negotiations to return as director, contingent on a sufficiently interesting story. Smith later discussed the premise
I_Am_Legend_(film)
City in California, United States
both California and San Diego began in 1769 with the arrival of four contingents of Spaniards from New Spain and the Baja California peninsula. Two seaborne
San_Diego
Human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasing risk
Prospect theorists believe that one's use of this process is when there is a negative downfall in the stakes that will affect the outcome of the project. To
Escalation_of_commitment
Sexual attraction to people regardless of sex or gender identity
describing the recognition of the validity of pansexuality as being contingent on the recognition of the validity of bisexuality, Green concludes by
Pansexuality
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
candidates. Similar techniques are often discussed in the context of contingent valuation. In addition to the above practical resolutions, there exist
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Partially compensatory electoral system
"negative vote transfer system" despite not using any votes with negative transfer value. The confusion stems from the terms "positive" and "negative vote
Vote_linkage
Ranking of participants by medal total
the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022. "Barbados names contingent for Commonwealth Games". Caribbean Loop News. 15 July 2022. Retrieved
2022_Commonwealth_Games
Science fantasy novel series
second), Zahariel El'Zurias (by now a full Space Marine), and a Dark Angels contingent sent back to Caliban, the Dark Angels Legion home world. They get involved
The_Horus_Heresy
Species of fish
prey, with frequency of these patterns ranging from 0 to 45.5%. Such is contingent upon the availability and ease of finding other prey. Size is an influencing
Alepisaurus_ferox
Science fiction action media franchise
to positive reviews, followed by Terminator Salvation in 2009 to more negative reviews. Salvation was intended as the first in a new trilogy, which was
Terminator_(franchise)
Political model of international conflict resolution
to be a success. In the context of climate change, all countries are negatively affected. But, when compared to the costs of steps taken to mitigate this
Two-level_game_theory
Association football club in India
Omollo, and Brazilian José Ramirez Barreto joined the club. The Indian contingent in the club was kept almost intact from the last season with the addition
Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
competition is typically modeled with players' strategies being any non-negative quantities, including fractional quantities. Differential games such as
Game_theory
stable path in all standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability shocks", such as "a large-scale bank recapitalization or financial
Economy_of_China
American feral child (born 1957)
expense of Genie's well-being and could cause love and attention to be contingent on her language acquisition. Shurley said that there was strong disagreement
Genie_(feral_child)
Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
reinforcement approach, cognitive behavioral therapy, 12-step programs, non-contingent reward-based therapies, psychodynamic therapy, and other combination therapies
Adderall
Sensitivity of quantity to price
elasticity of demand for consumer income changes). Price elasticities are negative except in special cases. If a good is said to have an elasticity of 2,
Price_elasticity_of_demand
Economic model of competition
willing to gain a larger customer network. Aggregative game Conjectural variation Cournot competition Differentiated Bertrand competition Stackelberg competition
Bertrand_competition
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
It turns out that for a bidder's true estimate the expected value is negative, meaning that on average the winning bidder is overpaying. Savvy bidders
Winner's_curse
Concept in game theory
cooperation has positive synergy, all agents (weakly) gain, and if it has negative synergy, all agents (weakly) lose. If i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle
Shapley_value
ignored or eliminated. For example, the appropriateness of using opiates is contingent on suffering extreme pain. To justify the recreational use of opiates
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
2021 film by Zack Snyder
conclusion of his trilogy that began with 2013's Man of Steel. As with any contingent, there are both extremists and level-headed individuals in its ranks."
Zack_Snyder's_Justice_League
characteristics, and link the diversification of Cambrian brachiopods to the variation of their skeletal architecture. A study on the composition of the brachiopod
2026_in_paleontology
Australia in early 1902, the Australian government obliged with a national contingent. Some 16,500 men had volunteered for service by the war's end in June
History_of_Australia
Mathematical model of financial markets
ISBN 0-13-149908-4. Breeden, D.T., & Litzenberger, R.H. (1978). Prices of state-contingent claims implicit in option prices. Journal of business, 621-651. Gatheral
Black–Scholes_model
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
anti-coordination games have three Nash equilibria. Two of these are pure contingent strategy profiles, in which each player plays one of the pair of strategies
Chicken_(game)
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
S_{i}=\{{\text{Price}}\}} such that Price {\displaystyle {\text{Price}}} is a non-negative real number. Nash's existence proofs assume a finite strategy set, but
Nash_equilibrium
One of the Chinese Classic Novels
amnesty from Emperor Huizong. The emperor recruits them to form a military contingent and sends them on campaigns against invaders from the Liao dynasty and
Water_Margin
Mathematical modelling of phenotypic evolution
environment set by the resident phenotype. If the invasion fitness is negative, the mutant population swiftly goes extinct. The basic principles of evolution
Evolutionary invasion analysis
Evolutionary_invasion_analysis
Favourite of Edward II (c. 1284 – 1312)
the Welsh Wars of 1282–83, in which he participated with a substantial contingent. Sometime before 4 February 1287, Claramonde died, and for the rest of
Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall
Piers_Gaveston,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
Complete contract Complete information Complete mixing Conjectural variation Contingent cooperator Coopetition Cooperative game theory Dynamic inconsistency
Homo_economicus
Personality trait
initially some psychologists thought that there were many positive and negative aspects. Maladaptive perfectionism drives people to be concerned with achieving
Perfectionism_(psychology)
King of England from 1509 to 1547
a staunch defence of papal supremacy, albeit one couched in somewhat contingent terms. It is not clear exactly when Henry changed his mind on the issue
Henry_VIII
Learning disability affecting reading
dyslexia. Access to some special educational resources and funding is contingent upon having a diagnosis of dyslexia. As a result, when Staffordshire and
Dyslexia
2001 accounting scandal
costless collar arrangements", "derivative instruments which eliminated the contingent nature of existing restricted forward contracts," and strategies that
Enron_scandal
Sexual fascination with feet
the absence of erotic stimuli when they were provided with feedback and contingent monetary reinforcement. Another possibility that has been put forward
Foot_fetishism
American psychologist and social philosopher (1904–1990)
avoided (negative reinforcement). Punishment can be the application of an aversive stimulus/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent stimulation)
B._F._Skinner
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
notation, ↑ = {0|∗}. Its negative is called down. −↑ = ↓ (down) Up is strictly positive (↑ > 0), and down is strictly negative (↓ < 0), but both are infinitesimal
Combinatorial_game_theory
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CONTINGENT NEGATIVE-VARIATION