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Optical imaging technique
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole
Confocal_microscopy
Index of articles associated with the same name
In geometry, confocal means having the same foci: confocal conic sections. For an optical cavity consisting of two mirrors, confocal means that they share
Confocal
Conic sections with the same foci
called confocal if they have the same foci. Because ellipses and hyperbolas have two foci, there are confocal ellipses, confocal hyperbolas and confocal mixtures
Confocal_conic_sections
Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) is an electron microscopy technique analogous to scanning confocal optical microscopy (SCOM). In this technique
Scanning confocal electron microscopy
Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy
Region of space between a transmitting and receiving antenna
fray-NEL), named after physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a series of confocal prolate ellipsoidal regions of space between and around a transmitter and
Fresnel_zone
Structure in biology and artificial intelligence
Animated confocal micrograph of part of a biological neural network in a mouse's striatum
Neural_network
Outermost of the three layers that make up the skin
Confocal image of the stratum corneum
Epidermis
American cognitive scientist (1927–2016)
(1963)[independent source needed] and the confocal microscope[independent source needed] (1957, a predecessor to today's widely used confocal laser scanning microscope)
Marvin_Minsky
Three-dimensional coordinate system
quadratic coordinate surfaces, the ellipsoidal coordinate system is based on confocal quadrics. The Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z)}
Ellipsoidal_coordinates
Medical diagnostic method
Confocal endoscopy, or confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), is a modern imaging technique that allows the examination of real-time microscopic and histological
Confocal_endoscopy
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
electron microscopy) or by scanning a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe
Microscopy
Three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system
3rd print ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 44–48 (Table 1.11). ISBN 978-0-387-18430-2. MathWorld description of confocal paraboloidal coordinates
Paraboloidal_coordinates
Concept in laser optics
where the area of the cross section is doubled. A related parameter is the confocal parameter, b, which is twice the Rayleigh length. The Rayleigh length is
Rayleigh_length
Response if an optical system to a point source of light
microscopy and other imaging techniques such as 3D microscopy (like in confocal laser scanning microscopy) and fluorescence microscopy. The degree of spreading
Point_spread_function
Fluorescence imaging technique
which results in the spatial resolution of the image. This contrasts with confocal microscopy, where the spatial resolution is produced by the interaction
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Two-photon_excitation_microscopy
Optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence
like an epifluorescence microscope or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the
Fluorescence_microscope
2D coordinate system whose coordinate lines are confocal ellipses and hyperbolae
two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system in which the coordinate lines are confocal ellipses and hyperbolae. The two foci F 1 {\displaystyle F_{1}} and F 2
Elliptic_coordinate_system
Arrangement of mirrors
radius equal to the cavity length. A common and important design is the confocal resonator, with mirrors of equal radii to the cavity length (R1 = R2 =
Optical_cavity
Medical intervention
scattering and subsequent application of a confocal inverse filter to recover the sample image. Confocal time-of-flight diffuse optical tomography combines
Optical_tomography
ISO collection of international standards
(stylus) instruments Part 602: Nominal characteristics of non-contact (confocal chromatic probe) instruments Part 603: Nominal characteristics of non-contact
ISO_25178
Fluorescence microscopy technique
comparable to confocal microscopy. Because light sheet fluorescence microscopy scans samples by using a plane of light instead of a point (as in confocal microscopy)
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy
Light_sheet_fluorescence_microscopy
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
deactivates the fluorescence, it can achieve resolution better than traditional confocal microscopy. Normal fluorescence occurs by exciting an electron from the
STED_microscopy
Part of plant root
Calcofluor White confocal fluorescent image of developing tomato root
Root_hair
Ancestral origin theory
Darwin's theory of evolution) and new technologies have become available (confocal microscopy, DNA sequencing, genomics). Additionally, the discovery of Onychophora
Articulata_(superphylum)
Form of microscopy using an electron beam
applicable to specific systems, e.g., Xe bubbles in aluminum. Scanning confocal electron energy loss microscopy (SCEELM) is a new analytical microscopy
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy
Study of the nervous system
variety of techniques have been used to study neuromorphology, including confocal microscopy, design-based stereology, neuron tracing and neuron reconstruction
Neuromorphology
Imaging of cells in living animals
several light microscopy techniques including widefield fluorescence, confocal, multiphoton, spinning disc microscopy and others. The main consideration
Intravital_microscopy
Quadric surface that looks like a deformed sphere
and F2 are the foci of the ellipse in the xy-plane, too. Hence, it is confocal to the given ellipse and the length of the string is l = 2rx + (a − c)
Ellipsoid
German physicist
scanning electron microscopes. It is this plan for the construction of a confocal laser scanning microscope (CSLM), which for the first time combined the
Christoph_Cremer
Two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system
two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system in which the coordinate lines are confocal parabolas. A three-dimensional version of parabolic coordinates is obtained
Parabolic_coordinates
Image of isolated adult cardiac myocytes taken using confocal microscopy
Cell_isolation
Subfield
Integration of data from a confocal microscopy image and spatial transcriptomics data on human medulloblastoma.
Spatial_biology
Imaging technique
imaging systems. Medical ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), confocal microscopy, and OCT are differently suited to morphological tissue imaging:
Optical_coherence_tomography
Controlled deflection of laser beams
in ophthalmological laser systems for the treatment of presbyopia, in confocal microscopy, in laser printers, in laser shows, in Laser TV, and in barcode
Laser_scanning
techniques including (light microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence and confocal microscopes) to further their research and eventually publish their research
American Microscopical Society
American_Microscopical_Society
Curve on the sphere analogous to an ellipse or hyperbola
Graves's theorem and Ivory's theorem about confocal conics can also be proven on the sphere; see confocal conic sections about the planar versions. Just
Spherical_conic
Small, local deviations of a surface from a perfectly flat ideal
Confocal Microscopy, which relies on spatial filtering and point illumination to generate precise topographical maps of a surface. Chromatic confocal
Surface_finish
Geometric point from which certain types of curves are constructed
In geometry, focuses or foci (/ˈfoʊsaɪ/ or /ˈfoʊkaɪ/; sing.: focus) are special points with reference to which any of a variety of curves is constructed
Focus_(geometry)
Monochrome light beam whose amplitude envelope is a Gaussian function
is greatest. The distance between the two points z = ±zR is called the confocal parameter or depth of focus of the beam. Tails of a Gaussian function never
Gaussian_beam
Laser microscope used for Raman spectroscopy
numerical aperture of the focusing element. In confocal Raman microscopy, the diameter of the confocal aperture is an additional factor. As a rule of
Raman_microscope
Branch of neuroscience
intracellular recording, patch-clamp, and voltage-clamp technique, pharmacology, confocal imaging, molecular biology, two photon laser scanning microscopy and Ca2+
Cellular_neuroscience
biological tissues, which leads to poor contrast and depth localization. Confocal Time-of-Flight Diffuse Optical Tomography (TOF-DOT) addresses this by using
Diffuse_optical_imaging
Imaging by sections or sectioning using a penetrative wave
W. Z. W. (December 2015). "Three dimensions localization of tumors in confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection" (PDF). Microwave and Optical
Tomography
Microscopy methods
AMOS, W. B. (1991-01-01). "The bending of sliding microtubules imaged by confocal light microscopy and negative stain electron microscopy". Journal of Cell
Interferometric scattering microscopy
Interferometric_scattering_microscopy
Series of techniques in optical microscopy
modestly (up to about a factor of two) beyond the diffraction-limit, such as confocal microscopy with closed pinhole or aided by computational methods such as
Super-resolution_microscopy
American scientist and inventor
invented and patented the Plasma Cleaner for Electron Microscopy the Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope and the π Steradian Transmission X-ray Detector for
Nestor_J._Zaluzec
Characteristic of an optical system
that of a confocal microscope (c). Although the same microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 1.49 is used, it is clear that the confocal point spread
Optical_transfer_function
lateral resolution of 15 to 50 μm. By ignoring ballistic light, dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy reduces surface signal. This method uses a dark-field
Photoacoustic_microscopy
spherical focal spot with 5–7 times less volume than that of standard confocal microscopy. The improvement in resolution is achieved by using two opposing
4Pi_microscope
Geometric shell bounded by two concentric, similar ellipses or ellipsoids
Peter Tait. Closely related is the focaloid, a shell between concentric, confocal ellipses or ellipsoids. If the outer shell is given by x 2 a 2 + y 2 b
Homoeoid_and_focaloid
Institution in Hyderabad, India
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, scanning electron microscope, confocal laser scanning microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, DNA sequencers
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
National_Institute_of_Nutrition,_Hyderabad
Romanian-German physicist (born 1962)
in a confocal microscope". He was an independent inventor for a short period thereafter working on improving depth (axial) resolution in confocal microscopy
Stefan_Hell
Multi-photon microscopy technique
Raman tags to achieve super-multiplexing multi-color imaging with SRS. Confocal Raman microscopy normally uses continuous wave lasers to provide a spontaneous
Coherent Raman scattering microscopy
Coherent_Raman_scattering_microscopy
territories are detected by FISH. Shown is a single optical section made with a confocal microscope. Bottom: Same nucleus stained with DAPI and recorded with a
Replication_timing
Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell
Confocal microscopic image of a colony of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with oculocutaneous albinism. Blue indicates transcription
Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Paper-like material
Confocal image showing the three-dimensional fiber network within handmade silk fiber paper.
Silk_fiber_paper
Technology
ophthalmology. The Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) is an ophthalmological confocal point scanning laser ophthalmoscope for examining the cornea and certain
Heidelberg_Retinal_Tomography
Type of plant protein
TMV MP30 localizes to plasmodesmata when fused to GFP. This image was captured using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Movement_protein
Indian American biophysicist and academic
of living cells. He has developed a range of imaging systems, including confocal, multi-photon and fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy base devices
Ammasi_Periasamy
contrast microscopy. 1957: Marvin Minsky, a professor at MIT, invents the confocal microscope, an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution
Timeline of microscope technology
Timeline_of_microscope_technology
Optical concept
the edges of the scan might suffer from power drops or vignetting. In confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), the back aperture of the objective lens
Overfill
Type of statistical analysis
FCS is employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular, confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques, light
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy
Two-point equidistant map projection
points on the sphere. The two-point equidistant projection maps a family of confocal spherical conics onto two families of planar ellipses and hyperbolas. The
Two-point equidistant projection
Two-point_equidistant_projection
Form taken by the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell
territories are detected by FISH. Shown is a single optical section made with a confocal microscope. Bottom: Same nucleus stained with DAPI and recorded with a
Barr_body
Bulgarian-American neuroscientist
detected with antibodies in ultra-thin sections of brain tissue using confocal microscopy. Micheva was a biology major at the University of Sofia. She
Kristina_Micheva
Method of making biological tissue transparent
combined with other technologies to develop new microscopy methods including confocal expansion microscopy, SPIM light sheet microscopy, and CLARITY-optimized
CLARITY
Preservation of biological tissue
Mouse brain tissue, fixed via perfusion, stained via immunohistochemistry and imaged using confocal microscopy.
Fixation_(histology)
Parasitic microorganism that causes giardiasis
Multiple views of a G. lamblia cyst imaged by confocal microscopy: Bar = 10 micrometers (A) Cyst imaged by transmission (differential interference contrast)
Giardia_duodenalis
the horizontal circles and the meridians. The article confocal conic sections deals with confocal quadrics, too. They are a prominent example of a non
Dupin's_theorem
Spectroscopic technique
aperture of the focusing element, and — in the case of confocal microscopy — on the diameter of the confocal aperture. When operated in the visible to near-infrared
Raman_spectroscopy
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the confocal microscope. The principle was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky, although
Microscope
Genus of beetles
Cucujoidea) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with remarks on using confocal microscopy for the study of amber inclusions". Cretaceous Research. 52
Libanopsis
developer based in Coventry, England. The company is the developer of Confocal, live cell imaging and image analysis software for 2D, 3D and 4D imaging
Improvision
Chemical compound
imaging of action potentials of cardiomyocyte in perfused mice heart. Using confocal microscopy in conjunction with ANNINE-6plus, single sweep action potentials
ANNINE-6plus
confocal, bright field, phase contrast and FRET. One of the most incisive difference is whether the instruments are optical confocal or not. Confocal
High-content_screening
Three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system
{\displaystyle z} -direction. Hence, the coordinate surfaces are prisms of confocal ellipses and hyperbolae. The two foci F 1 {\displaystyle F_{1}} and F 2
Elliptic cylindrical coordinates
Elliptic_cylindrical_coordinates
Fast, high sensitivity, low noise electronic photon detector
maintained photomultipliers an essential place in low light level spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear and
Photomultiplier_tube
process known as ‘optical biopsy’. It generally refers to fluorescence confocal microscopy, although multi-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography
Endomicroscopy
Method of microscopy
Comparison of resolution between standard confocal microscopy and GSD microscopy. Left: Confocal recording of vacancies in diamonds. Single spots cannot
GSD_microscopy
Type of microscope
accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications. Inverted microscopes are useful for
Inverted_microscope
Network of lymphatic vessels parallel to the sinuses
Confocal micrograph of meningeal lymphatic vessels and trafficking immune cells. LYVE1 (green), CD3e (red), and DAPI (blue) are shown.
Meningeal_lymphatic_vessels
Japanese electrical engineering company
products. Yokogawa designs and manufactures the most advanced confocal spinning disks used in confocal microscopy. Musashino (near Mitaka Station) (world headquarters
Yokogawa_Electric
American biologist and theologian (1942–2024)
California, Berkeley. His doctoral dissertation at Berkeley was titled, "A confocal microscopy study of microtubule arrays involved in cortical rotation during
Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)
Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)
Drosophila melanogaster gene
A confocal image of a Drosophila embryo stage 15/16. The embryo nuclei are stained blue (DAPI) and a reporter construct expressing the svb E3N enhancer
Shavenbaby
Three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system
perpendicular z {\displaystyle z} -direction. Hence, the coordinate surfaces are confocal parabolic cylinders. Parabolic cylindrical coordinates have found many
Parabolic cylindrical coordinates
Parabolic_cylindrical_coordinates
Light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states
Confocal microscope images of a tomato leaf from Solanum lycopersicum. Brightfield DIC image showing guard cells and pavement cells (above). Same region
Chlorophyll_fluorescence
Professor Emeritus of Anatomy and Molecular Biology
collaborators Sydney Brenner, John Sulston and others, White co-developed confocal microscopy and mapped the complete nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans
John_G._White_(biologist)
Organisms that assimilate formate or formic acid
Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing different microbial morphotypes in chimney samples from the Lost City hydrothermal field
Formatotrophs
Reflecting telescope design
Mersenne beam compressor, which looks like a Cassegrain made from two (confocal) paraboloids, with both the input and output beams collimated. The compressed
Three-mirror_anastigmat
Species of starfish
Bat star bipinnaria at fourth day of development Photographed using confocal microscopy. Histones are labeled in blue, actin filaments in orange.
Patiria_miniata
can image details in samples that cannot be imaged with conventional or confocal microscopy. Within RESOLFT the principles of STED microscopy and GSD microscopy
RESOLFT
Developer and manufacturer of high performance light measuring solutions
a compact benchtop confocal microscope. The microscope is designed to be simple to use and is based around a Spinning Disk Confocal approach. It incorporates
Andor_Technology
transcription at basic pH (~pH 7.8), influencing the formation of Woronin bodies. Confocal microscopy is a type of standard fluorescence microscopy that employs specific
Woronin_body
Layer in the cornea of the eye
after phototherapeutic keratectomy: a prospective study using in vivo confocal microscopy". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50 (9): 4192–8. doi:10.1167/iovs
Bowman's_layer
Anomaly in digital graphics or imagery
Confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrograph of thale cress anther (part of stamen). The picture shows among other things a nice red flowing collar-like
Visual_artifact
Measurement of small-scale features on surfaces
profilometers. Non-contact methods include: interferometry, digital holography, confocal microscopy, focus variation, structured light, electrical capacitance,
Surface_metrology
Branch of food chemistry
Spectroscopy Hyperspectral Imaging Cube Multi-spectral Imaging principle Confocal Imaging Principle Fluorescence microscope Yeast membrane protein imaging
Food_physical_chemistry
Species of jellyfish
A series of confocal images, showing the musculature development of Cassopeia xamachana from planuloid bud to polyp
Cassiopea_xamachana
Natural emission of light by biological structures
than those of interest to become visible. In some microscopes (mainly confocal microscopes), it is possible to make use of different lifetime of the excited
Autofluorescence
Chemical compound
light microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal laser microscopy. With both the electron and confocal laser microscopy, it was prevalent that the
Diethylstilbestrol
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