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Device to implement precommitment by restricting one's future options
A commitment device is a mechanism or arrangement that implements precommitment by deliberately restricting one’s own future options in order to make
Commitment_device
Human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasing risk
Escalation of commitment is a pattern of decision-making in which individuals or groups continue to invest in a chosen course of action despite mounting
Escalation_of_commitment
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Paradox_of_tolerance
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Tic-tac-toe
American internet company
users to make commitment contracts in order to reach their personal goals. stickK users set up a "commitment contract", a commitment device where they agree
StickK
Standard example in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Prisoner's_dilemma
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Minimax
Hand game for two players or more
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Rock_paper_scissors
Concept in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
agreeably without resorting to fighting. Moreover, war may arise because of commitment problems: if two countries wish to settle a dispute via peaceful means
Game_theory
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Search algorithm
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Alpha–beta_pruning
Situation where total gains match total losses
assign probabilities to their respective actions, and then use a random device which, according to these probabilities, chooses an action for them. Each
Zero-sum_game
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Nash_equilibrium
Concept in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Shapley_value
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Tit_for_tat
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Pareto_efficiency
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
Russians sought to deter American attack by building a "doomsday machine", a device that would trigger world annihilation if Russia was hit by nuclear weapons
Chicken_(game)
Problem in process of sharing surplus
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Cooperative_bargaining
Situation where all parties are worse off
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
No-win_situation
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Winner's_curse
Condition in economics and game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Perfect_information
Overuse of a shared resource
1172133. PMID 19628857. S2CID 39710673. Rachlin, H.; Green, L. (1972). "Commitment, choice, and self-control". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Volunteer's_dilemma
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Solved_game
Hand game for two or more players
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Solving_chess
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Bounded_rationality
Conflict between safety and cooperation
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Stag_hunt
Two-player coordination game in game theory
observed randomizing device, then they might decide to correlate their strategies in the game based on the outcome of the device. For example, if the
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Game theory scenario
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Win–win_game
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Robert_Aumann
Hungarian-American economist and philosopher (1920–2000)
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
John_Harsanyi
Simple mathematical game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Pirate_game
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
could not be more important, namely, that human reason left to its own devices is apt to engage in a number of fallacies and systematic errors, so if
Daniel_Kahneman
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
under uncertainty whether they like it or not..... Man is a deterministic device thrown into a probabilistic Universe. In this match, surprises are expected
Amos_Tversky
Political model of international conflict resolution
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Two-level_game_theory
Solution concept in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Evolutionarily_stable_strategy
Decrease in severity of conflicts
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
De-escalation
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Deterrence_theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Transferable_utility
Economic model
More generally, the leader must have commitment power. Moving observably first is the most obvious means of commitment: once the leader has made its move
Stackelberg_competition
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Stable_matching_problem
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the "subjective consciousness" of the human observer. In other words
John_von_Neumann
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Strategy_(game_theory)
Notion in combinatorial game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Game_complexity
Love focused on feelings
love—in the sense of "being in love", or passionate love—evolved as a "commitment device" which overrides rationality to suppress the search for alternative
Romance
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
build into its assumptions the notion that people can give credible commitments to a course of conduct. He demonstrates the absurdity with the narrowness
Homo_economicus
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Combinatorial_game_theory
Experimental tool
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Dictator_game
Game in economic experiments
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Ultimatum_game
Term in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Move_by_nature
Combinatorial game theory theorem
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
List_of_games_in_game_theory
Field of economics and game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Mechanism_design
Zero-sum game where competitions between strategies contain a cycle
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Intransitive_game
Game that repeats a base game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Repeated_game
Quality of a strategy in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Strategic_dominance
Type of perfect Bayesian equilibrium
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Separating_equilibrium
When a decision-maker's future preferences can contradict earlier preferences
subgame imperfect. In this context, the inconsistency is primarily about commitment and credible threats. This manifests itself through a violation of Bellman's
Dynamic_inconsistency
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Ambiguity_aversion
Paradox of combining strategies
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Parrondo's_paradox
Class of theorems about Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games
equilibrium. Many other folk theorems have been proved in settings with commitment. In mathematics, the term folk theorem refers generally to any theorem
Folk_theorem_(game_theory)
Theorem in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Aspect of game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Self-confirming_equilibrium
Simultaneous game found in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Coordination_game
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
in health. Collaborating may be the best solution when consensus and commitment of other parties is important; when the conflict occurs in a collaborative
Conflict_resolution
In board games that cannot end in a draw, one of the two players has a winning strategy
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Zermelo's theorem (game theory)
Zermelo's_theorem_(game_theory)
Class of strategies employed in a repeated non-cooperative game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Trigger_strategy
time. Another example is to build excess production capacity as a commitment device. Due to the often ambiguous nature of cost in production, it may be
Limit_price
Game theory concept
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Game with a dominant mutually most beneficial action
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Deadlock_(game_theory)
Principle in economics and game theory
equilibria:[citation needed] for every arbitrary coordinating device a.k.a. correlating, there exists another direct device for which the state space equals the action
Revelation_principle
Trigger strategy
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Grim_trigger
Concept in conflict studies
management Friedrich Glasl's model of conflict escalation Escalation of commitment Stability–instability paradox Brams, Steven J.; Kilgour, D. Marc (1987)
Conflict_escalation
Resource distribution game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Blotto_game
Game theory concept
"Defense and security planning under resource uncertainty and multi-period commitments". Naval Research Logistics. 69 (7): 1009–1026. doi:10.1002/nav.22071
Bayesian_game
Economic phenomenon
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Tyranny_of_small_decisions
Concept in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Incentive_compatibility
Dynamical system
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Replicator_equation
are that it involves a commitment from the player, meaning the player can only restrict their own choices and that the commitment has to be credible, meaning
Strategic_move
Representation of a game in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Normal-form_game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Symmetric_equilibrium
Variation of minimax game tree search
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Negamax
Iterated game for peace and conflict studies
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Peace_war_game
Bidding less than an item is worth in an auction
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Bid_shading
Game illustrating paradox in rational choice theory
average).[citation needed] All-pay auction Bidding fee auction Escalation of commitment Tragedy of the commons War of attrition (game) Shubik: 1971. Page 109
Dollar_auction
Neologism for cooperative competition
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Coopetition
Non-zero-sum game thought experiment
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Traveler's_dilemma
Economic model
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Cournot_competition
Experimental economics game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Public_goods_game
Economic model of competition
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Bertrand_competition
Variant of Nash equilibrium in game theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Trembling hand perfect equilibrium
Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium
Solution concept in Game Theory
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Bayes_correlated_equilibrium
Strategy which only depends on the current state of a game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Markov_strategy
American economist (born 1939)
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Samuel_Bowles_(economist)
Game where groups of players may enforce cooperative behaviour
obligation to follow through. The players must trust each other to keep their commitments, and there must be mechanisms in place to enforce the agreements. By
Cooperative_game_theory
English mathematician and game theorist (born 1940)
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Kenneth_Binmore
Type of signaling game
equilibrium Strategies Appeasement Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Grim
Lewis_signaling_game
Academic discipline
operates on the state of the two boxes using a Hadamard gate, then sets up a device that operates on the state defined by the two boxes to operate again using
Quantum_game_theory
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