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Form of naval warfare
Commerce raiding is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather
Commerce_raiding
1904 battle of the Russo-Japanese War
total of six sorties from Vladivostok for commerce raiding in 1904, sinking a total of 15 transports. The first raid was from 9 to 14 February along the coast
Battle_off_Ulsan
Person or ship engaging in maritime warfare under commission
A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since piracy was a common aspect of seaborne trade
Privateer
Deutschland-class cruiser
Repairs were completed by March 1941, and in June she left Germany for a commerce raiding operation in the Atlantic. Before reaching the Atlantic, she was torpedoed
German_cruiser_Deutschland
Type of large warship
referred to certain kinds of missions—independent scouting, commerce protection, or raiding—usually fulfilled by frigates or sloops-of-war, which functioned
Cruiser
French Navy officer (1761–1800)
and took command of the frigate Proserpine in April 1794 to conduct commerce raiding operations; in his eight-month campaign, he captured over 63 British
Jean-Baptiste_Perrée
German admiral (1876–1960)
fleet of cruisers and submarines that would wage a guerre de course (commerce raiding against an enemy's merchant shipping). After reading all three of Wegener's
Erich_Raeder
Warship type disguised as a non-combatant
Merchant raiders are armed commerce raiding ships that disguise themselves as non-combatant merchant vessels. Germany used several merchant raiders early
Merchant_raider
Military term
submarines. Barrier operations seek to hinder access to certain areas. Commerce raiding requires the enemy to put resources into escorting merchant ships.
Sea_denial
German naval operation during WWII
the primary method to achieve this objective was to use traditional commerce raiding tactics, founded upon surface combatants (cruisers, battle-cruisers
Operation_Rheinübung
Major military operations in the American Civil War
coast of Alaska. Attempts by the Confederacy to buy or seize ships for commerce raiding on the West Coast were thwarted by alert Union officials and the Pacific
Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War
Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War
German warship, 1934–45
the port of Almería. Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean, with a brief foray into
German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer
1914 naval battle of the First World War
in the Penang Strait, which sank two Allied warships as part of its commerce raiding operations throughout the Indian Ocean. During the battle, a total
Battle_of_Penang
Port in Spain
this regard. To a lesser extent the port's activity also relied on commerce raiding (both under royal and nobiliary initiative as well as funded by independent
Port_of_Palos
War between United States and the Barbary states, 1801–1805
regarding tributary payments in exchange for a cessation of Tripolitanian commerce raiding at sea. United States president Thomas Jefferson refused to pay this
First_Barbary_War
Type of medium to large-sized warship
carriers. Heavy cruisers were assigned a variety of roles ranging from commerce raiding to serving as 'cruiser-killers,' i.e. hunting and destroying similarly
Heavy_cruiser
Military arms and supplies
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Materiel
Planned class of German light cruisers
Germany's Kriegsmarine before World War II. The ships were designed for commerce raiding in the Atlantic Ocean. The design for the first four ships suffered
M-class_cruiser
Early 20th-century arms race between the United Kingdom and Germany
onwards, Germany abandoned the dreadnought arms race and focused on a commerce raiding naval strategy to be conducted with submarines. One of the ironies
Anglo-German_naval_arms_race
Giving up control over territory or resources to another power
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Surrender_(military)
Brief excursion of one military unit from a strongpoint
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Sortie
Lists of wars throughout history
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Lists_of_wars
Navy of Nazi Germany (1935–1945)
invasion of Norway in 1940, and then in commerce raiding until the Gneisenau was heavily damaged by a British air raid in 1942 and the Scharnhorst was sunk
Kriegsmarine
German Type U 9 U-boat
329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy and engaged in commerce raiding (Handelskrieg) during the First World War. SM U-9 is notable for sinking
SM_U-9
Type of naval warship
The frigates and sloops which performed the missions of scouting, commerce raiding and trade protection remained unarmoured. For several decades, it proved
Protected_cruiser
Naval rules of engagement against merchant ships
original meaning of a ship sent on an independent mission such as commerce raiding. Cruiser in modern naval terminology refers to a type of ship rather
Cruiser_rules
Subdivision of the national armed forces
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Military_branch
American Civil War gunboat
Winslow or Warren Winslow in military service, the vessel took part in commerce raiding against Union shipping, capturing 16 vessels from May to August 1861
CSS_Winslow
Jeune École naval doctrine which emphasized cheap torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive, heavily armored ships. To counter the Beiyang
List_of_battleships_of_Japan
Campaign of the War of the First Coalition
travelling from the United States to France. The campaign involved commerce raiding by detached forces and two minor engagements, eventually culminating
Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794
Type of large war submarine
role was analogous to surface cruisers; 'cruising' distant waters, commerce raiding, and otherwise operating independently. When operating in a fleet,
Cruiser_submarine
Division of the Imperial German Navy in the Pacific Ocean (1890s-1914)
Spee allowing her captain, von Muller, to take his ship on a lone commerce-raiding campaign in the Indian Ocean, while the cruisers of the squadron would
East_Asia_Squadron
Acts of robbery or criminality at sea
created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples of such areas include the waters of Gibraltar, the
Piracy
1861 battle of the American Civil War
Fort Hatteras, had been built by the Confederates to protect their commerce-raiding activity. These were lightly defended, however, and their artillery
Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries
Battle_of_Hatteras_Inlet_Batteries
1921 British cargo liner
the coast of South West Africa, becoming the seventh victim of the commerce raiding sortie of Graf Spee. Designed and built in the Port Glasgow yards of
SS_Doric_Star
Maritime incident
in which three Japanese military transports were sunk in a Russian commerce raiding sortie by a Vladivostok-based armored cruiser squadron of the Imperial
Hitachi_Maru_Incident
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Lists_of_weapons
Military strategy of wearing down the enemy
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Attrition_warfare
Act of forceful subjugation
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Conquest
First naval battle of the Second World War
South Atlantic in August 1939, before the war began, and had begun commerce raiding after receiving authorisation on 26 September 1939. Harwood's squadron
Battle_of_the_River_Plate
1806 action of the Napoleonic Wars
Ocean, from which privateers and frigate squadrons could engage in commerce raiding and disrupt British shipping. After encountering a strongly escorted
Action_of_21_April_1806
Conflict in which all of a nation's resources are deployed
the Japanese "Three Alls Policy" during the Second Sino-Japanese War Commerce raiding, tonnage war, and unrestricted submarine warfare, as with privateering
Total_war
Type of military tactics and operational warfare
differentiated from raids. Marine Raiders Chevauchée Direct action (military) Hit-and-run tactics Infiltration tactics Slave raiding Trench raiding Bride kidnapping
Raid_(military)
Planned class of French aircraft carriers
in the early 1930s to counter German ships that were suitable for commerce raiding and carriers were deemed useful to hunt them down, especially once
Joffre-class_aircraft_carrier
Royal Navy aircraft carrier sunk in WWII
World War in 1939, Glorious spent the rest of the year hunting for the commerce-raiding German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee in the Indian Ocean before returning
HMS_Glorious
Kriegsmarine aircraft carrier class, built 1936–1943
This lack of clarity led to features such as cruiser-type guns for commerce raiding and defense against British cruisers, that were either eliminated from
Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier
Graf_Zeppelin-class_aircraft_carrier
Vessel, cargo, or equipment captured during armed conflict on the seas
American practice alike, naval warfare was therefore intertwined with commerce raiding and the vocabulary of prize law permeates logs, letters and court records
Prize_(law)
Warfare tactic used to erode morale
display of force concentration. Some methods on the strategic scale are commerce raiding, strategic bombing, static operations such as sieges and naval blockades
Demoralization_(warfare)
Type of military operation
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Offensive_(military)
Portuguese East Africa, becoming the sixth victim of Admiral Graf Spee's commerce raiding sortie. Africa Shell was designed and built in the Greenock yards of
MS_Africa_Shell
the American Civil War and converted into a Confederate cruiser for commerce raiding. The CSS Clarence, commanded by Lt. Charles W. Read, captured the Tacony
CSS_Tacony
Breton noblewoman and privateer (1300–1359)
the moniker "The Lioness of Brittany". The type of warfare is termed commerce raiding and is similar to guerrilla warfare on land. Its main intent is to
Jeanne_de_Clisson
Area or place where important military events occur or are progressing
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Theater_(warfare)
World War II German auxiliary cruiser
commerce raider in the Second World War. The Pinguin was known to the Kriegsmarine as Schiff 33, and designated HSK 5. The most successful commerce raider
German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin
German_auxiliary_cruiser_Pinguin
War crime involving breaking of a promise
(31 January 2024). "Here Are the Laws Plausibly Broken by Israel in Its Raid on a West Bank Hospital". The Intercept. Savage, Charlie; Schmitt, Eric;
Perfidy
Coordinated military actions of a state or non-state actor
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Military_operation
Large armored warship with a main battery consisting of heavy caliber guns
in January 1941, the Germans began to send their few battleships on commerce raiding operations in the Atlantic, starting with the two Scharnhorst-class
Battleship
War involving major global states
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
World_war
British cargo liner sunk during World War II
South West Africa, becoming the penultimate victim of Graf Spee's commerce raiding sortie. Tairoa was ordered in 1919 and laid down in the Tyneside yards
SS_Tairoa
Military tactic
Early Muslim–Meccan conflict 1757 Hajj caravan raid Commerce raiding van der Steen, Eveline (2014). "Raiding and robbing". Near Eastern Tribal Societies
Caravan_raids
Physical combat at close range
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Close-quarters_battle
Attentional phenomenon
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Target_fixation
Prevention of trade or movement by force
established a close blockade on the French coast. This starved French ports of commerce, weakening France's economy. Admiral Edward Hawke took command of the blockading
Blockade
United States Navy steam-powered cruiser
Arthur Administration. U.S. naval policy at the time was focused on commerce raiding, which implied a defensive posture on the part of the United States
USS_Olympia_(C-6)
Group of people who carry out orders based on the authority of others within the group
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Command_hierarchy
of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine.). She engaged in commerce raiding during the First World War. U-47 entered service in early 1916, serving
SM_U-47_(Germany)
Structuring of armed forces of a state
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Military_organization
French Navy officer and politician (1753–1836)
reinforced by the frigate Cybèle, he did so, embarking on a campaign of commerce raiding in the Indian Ocean, with the goal of causing as much harm to British
Pierre César Charles de Sercey
Pierre_César_Charles_de_Sercey
The Kandyan naval raid was a series of commerce raidings by the Kingdom of Kandy against the Portuguese Empire from 16 May 1612 to 6 March 1613. With the
Kandyan commerce raiding against Portugal (1612–1613)
Kandyan_commerce_raiding_against_Portugal_(1612–1613)
Military conflict
English sailors on shore by the Siamese—the actual war was confined to commerce raiding. By 1681, Siamese foreign policy was in the hands of King Narai's Greek
Anglo-Siamese_War
Class of light cruisers of the German Imperial Navy
liner SS Kronprinz Wilhelm so it could raid British shipping. After a moderately successful commerce raiding career, during which Karlsruhe sank sixteen
Karlsruhe-class_cruiser
Military strategy
manoeuvre group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Defence_in_depth
Person specializing in combat or warfare
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Warrior
Military tactic
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Defeat_in_detail
Type of concealed or secretive government activity
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Covert_operation
Opposite of conventional warfare
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Unconventional_warfare
Group of people who undermine a larger group from within
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Fifth_column
Ship structure for expelling exhaust gases
club. A key part of the deception practiced by ships carrying out commerce raiding during both the First World War and Second World War was to disguise
Funnel_(ship)
War in which the parties limit their scope
mostly consisted of artillery shelling, aerial warfare, and small-scale raids. Often seen as a "textbook example of a limited war - limited in time, in
Limited_war
Governmental authorization of privateering
authorise the issuance of letters of marque against members of cartels. Commerce raiding Confederate privateer Hired armed vessels No purchase, no pay Prize
Letter_of_marque
Strip of land between wartime trenches
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No_man's_land
Class of German light cruisers
been detached from the East Asia Squadron to pursue an independent commerce raiding campaign in the Indian Ocean. She captured or sank numerous Entente
Dresden-class_cruiser
Long-term military strategy plan within a war
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Military_campaign
Attempt by Germany during World War II to cut supply lines to Britain
they were nicknamed by foreign navies. These ships were designed for commerce raiding on distant seas, to operate as a raider hunting for independently sailing
Battle_of_the_Atlantic
All-out attack to break enemy lines
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Shock_tactics
Class of five heavy cruisers of the Royal Navy, designed in 1915
badly stretched. In the early months of the First World War, German commerce-raiding warships and armed merchant cruisers seriously disrupted British seaborne
Hawkins-class_cruiser
Temporary line created when a military unit reaches a landing beach by sea
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Beachhead
Naval battle during the Second World War
had hoped that the Bismarck force would enter onto trans-Atlantic commerce raiding, from the Norwegian Sea via the Denmark Strait, undetected and unopposed
Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait
5th-century BC Chinese military treatise
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The_Art_of_War
Major and largest sub-formation within a military service branch
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Command_(military_formation)
Type of armed conflict between two states or non-state actors
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Proxy_war
Deployment of a state's military to fight abroad
Mediterranean with short-term raids by Japanese pirates. Because the wokou were weakly resisted by the Ming dynasty, the raiding eventually developed into
Expeditionary_warfare
Forced entry by a polity into another polity's territory
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Invasion
Wartime situation in which a force or target is surrounded by enemy forces
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Encirclement
Location of a battle
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Battlefield
French privateer, businessman and slave trader (1773–1827)
Surcouf then captained the merchantman Émilie, on which he engaged in commerce raiding despite lacking a letter of marque. He preyed on British shipping,
Robert_Surcouf
Military unit
strength of eleven U–boats but, due to the unfavorable conditions for commerce raiding in the Black Sea, saw little success during its three years of operations;
Constantinople_Flotilla
Military tactic in which retreating forces maintain contact with the enemy
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Withdrawal_(military)
Management personnel of a military unit
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Staff_(military)
Military strategy
maneuver group Raid Covert Stay-behind Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive
Anti-access/area_denial
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