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Extinct Eastern Iranic language
Cimmerian is an extinct language spoken by the Cimmerians in the 8th century BC that remains largely unattested. According to the historian Muhammad Dandamayev
Cimmerian_language
Ancient nomadic Iranic people who invaded West Asia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC
Asia. Although the Cimmerians were culturally Scythian, they were ethnically distinct from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related and
Cimmerians
Fictional character created by Robert E. Howard
Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero created by American author Robert E. Howard (1906–1936)
Conan_the_Barbarian
Language family native to Eurasia
with Lusitanian. Cimmerian: possibly Iranic, Thracian, or Celtic Dacian: possibly very close to Thracian Elymian: Poorly-attested language spoken by the
Indo-European_languages
Language family
Celtic languages (/ˈkɛltɪk/ KEL-tik) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from the hypothetical Proto-Celtic language. The term
Celtic_languages
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe,
Germanic_languages
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
transcription delimiters. The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages or Latinic languages, are the languages that directly descended from
Romance_languages
Archaeological complex
romanized: Chornohorivsjka hrupa), sometimes conventionally called the Cimmerian culture, is an archaeological complex associated with the first steppe
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk_complex
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
from documented Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language. The majority of linguistic work
Proto-Indo-European_language
1979 novel by Italo Calvino
erased from the map; the autochthonous population was dispersed; Cimmerian language and culture had no development". The pair of chapters following the
If on a winter's night a traveler
If_on_a_winter's_night_a_traveler
Branch of the Indo-European language family
Indo-European (IE) languages, of which Albanian language varieties are the only surviving representatives. In current classifications of the IE language family,
Albanoid_languages
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early
Indo-Aryan_languages
Ancient string of microcontinents that rifted from Gondwana
introduced by Suess in 1901, the "Kimmerisches Gebirge" – the "Crimean" or "Cimmerian Mountains". In the mountain range that now stretches from the Alps to
Cimmeria_(continent)
Branch of the Indo-European language family
Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages. These languages share several
Balto-Slavic_languages
Nomadic Iranic people of the Pontic Steppe
Skilled in mounted warfare, the Scythians displaced the Agathyrsi and the Cimmerians as the dominant power on the western Eurasian Steppe in the 8th century
Scythians
Extinct branch of Indo-European languages
Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia (modern Turkey). The best known Anatolian language is Hittite
Anatolian_languages
Biblical figure
Assyria in the late 7th century BC. The Assyrians called them Gimmerai; the Cimmerian king Teushpa was defeated by Assarhadon of Assyria sometime between 681
Gomer
Subfamily of Indo-European languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They
Slavic_languages
Indo-European language
branch in the Indo-European language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Historically spoken
Armenian_language
Strait connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
Crimean city of Kerch, gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus or Straits of Taman. It has also been called the Straits of Yenikale
Kerch_Strait
Indo-European language
Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanic branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group. It is the native language of the
Albanian_language
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
The Iranian languages, or Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by
Iranian_languages
Retrieved 8 May 2026. Ivantchik, Askold (2001). "The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 7 (3): 307–339
List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
List_of_extinct_languages_and_dialects_of_Europe
Branch of Indo-European language family
Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek. In most classifications, the Hellenic branch consists of Greek
Hellenic_languages
Extinct Scythian language
the Scythian languages had experienced an evolution of the Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into the Proto-Scythian sound /ð/, which in the Cimmerian and Pontic dialects
Pontic_Scythian_language
Northeastern Iranian languages Old Northeast Iranian Scytho-Sarmatian Cimmerian (extinct) Pontic Scythian (extinct) Sarmatian (extinct) Alanic (extinct)
List of Indo-European languages
List_of_Indo-European_languages
Language group of the Indo-Iranian language family
The Nuristani languages, known earlier as Kafiri languages, are one of the three groups within the Indo-Iranian language family, alongside the Indo-Aryan
Nuristani_languages
Proto-language of all the Slavic languages
or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium
Proto-Slavic_language
Indo-European linguistic classification
characters and Latin characters. Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the velar
Centum_and_satem_languages
Extinct language of ancient Italy
Tyrrhenians came from Anatolia, including Lydia, whence they were driven by the Cimmerians in the early Iron Age, 750–675 BC, leaving some colonists on Lemnos. He
Etruscan_language
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
Kuchean-Agnean languages, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. The languages are
Tocharian_languages
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
and earlier attested Indo-European languages, extremely early Germanic loanwords in Baltic and Finnish languages (for example, Finnish kuningas 'king')
Proto-Germanic_language
Extinct Indo-European language of central Anatolia
The Phrygian language (/ˈfrɪdʒiən/ ) was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Anatolia (in modern Turkey), during classical antiquity
Phrygian_language
Geographical grouping of Indo-European languages
The Paleo-Balkan languages are a geographical grouping of various Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient
Paleo-Balkan_languages
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first
Italic_languages
Pre-Samnite (500 BC). Ivantchik, Askold (2001). "The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 7 (3): 307–339
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
King of the Cimmerians
Dugdamis (Δυγδαμις) are derived from a name in a Cimmerian dialect of the Old Iranian Scythian language. According to the Scythologist Sergey Tokhtas’ev [ru]
Dugdammî
Greco-Scythian state near Sea of Azov (c. 438 BC–c. AD 527)
The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τοῦ Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου, romanized: Basileía tou Kimmerikou
Bosporan_Kingdom
King of the Cimmerians
from a name in a Cimmerian dialect of the Old Iranian Scythian language. The linguist János Harmatta reconstructed this original Cimmerian name as *Sandakuru
Sandakšatru
Reconstructed proto-language
also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical
Proto-Indo-Iranian_language
Ancient Anatolian kingdom
kingdom of Phrygia. Gyges took advantage of the power vacuum created by the Cimmerian invasions to consolidate his kingdom and make it a military power, he
Lydia
King of the Cimmerians
of the Cimmerians. Teušpa and Teušpâ are Akkadian forms of a name which originates from a Cimmerian dialect of the Old Iranian Scythian language. The linguist
Teušpâ
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
and Glottolog 5.3. Eastern Iranian (sprachbund) Sogdo-Scythian Scythian Cimmerian † Pontic Scythian † Sarmatian Alanic Jassic † Ossetian Sogdic Khwarezmian
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Group of Eastern Iranic languages
on 14 May 2021. Harmatta, János (1999). "Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians". In Reverdin, Olivier [in French]; Nenci, Giuseppe
Scythian_languages
Fictional period created by Robert E. Howard
proto-Celtic Cimmerian people. The name Crom is probably derived from the Old Irish deity Crom Cruach or Crom Dubh. Crom is the chief god of the Cimmerian pantheon
Hyborian_Age
Ancient Iranian language
other Iranic ethnolinguistic groups such as the Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians is evident primarily in foreign sources, such as from mid-9th-century
Median_language
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
or Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested
Proto-Celtic_language
Reconstructed proto-language
reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European (PIE). From Proto-Balto-Slavic, the later Balto-Slavic languages are thought to have
Proto-Balto-Slavic_language
Asian extinct languages
3rd centuries BC. Ivantchik, Askold (2001). "The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 7 (3): 307–339
List of extinct languages of Asia
List_of_extinct_languages_of_Asia
Progenitor of Old Norse
Proto-Norse, or Ancient Nordic, was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic
Proto-Norse_language
Small Semitic nation of ancient Mesopotamia
were defeated at Karchemish. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge Neo-Assyrian Empire
Chaldea
2007 book by David W. Anthony
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World is a 2007 book by the anthropologist David
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language
Extinct Indo-European language
poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians. The linguistic affinities of the Thracian language are poorly understood
Thracian_language
Ancient Greek dialect or Hellenic language
curse, pray or rhantizô sprinkle, purify. ἄργελλα argella 'bathing hut'. Cimmerian ἄργιλλα or argila 'subterranean dwelling' (Ephorus in Strb. 5.4.5) PIE
Ancient_Macedonian_language
Constructed language
auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It is a constructed language of
Interlingua
Extinct Indo-European language of the Carpathian region
language generally believed to be a member of the Indo-European language family that was spoken in the ancient region of Dacia. The Dacian language is
Dacian_language
Collection of stories by Robert E. Howard
The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian is the first of a three-volume set collecting the Conan stories by author Robert E. Howard with illustrations by Mark
The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian
The_Coming_of_Conan_the_Cimmerian
ancient Hellenistic Greco-Scythian state centered on the Kerch Strait (the Cimmerian Bosporus) and ruled from the city of Panticapaeum. Panticapaeum was founded
List of kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus
List_of_kings_of_the_Cimmerian_Bosporus
Reconstructed ancestor of the Nuristani language family
Proto-Nuristani is the reconstructed proto-language of the Nuristani languages. Proto-Nuristani is descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian, which in turn is
Proto-Nuristani_language
Extinct Eastern Iranic language spoken from 100 BC to 1,100 AD
Saka, or Sakan, was a variety of Eastern Iranian languages, attested from ancient Buddhist kingdoms in the western Tarim Basin, including Khotan and Kashgar
Saka_language
Ancient Indo-European-speaking people of Anatolia
century BC to early 7th century BC by the Cimmerians was to prove fatal to independent Phrygia. Cimmerian pressure and attacks culminated in the suicide
Phrygians
Protolanguage of the Indo-Aryan language family
Proto-Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the Indo-Aryans, who had migrated
Proto-Indo-Aryan_language
Reconstructed proto-language
this language family in the early 20th century contradicted the formerly prevalent idea of an east–west division of the Indo-European language family
Proto-Tocharian_language
Ancient kingdom south of Lake Urmia
the Cimmerians (Gimirru) originally went forth from their homeland of Gamir or Uishdish in "the midst of Mannai" around this time. The Cimmerians first
Mannaea
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. It is not directly attested
Proto-Italic_language
Ancient tribe in Central Europe
authors described them variously as a Celtic-Gaulish, Germanic, or even Cimmerian people. Several ancient sources indicate that they lived in Jutland, which
Cimbri
Last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek
The Proto-Greek language, also known as Proto-Hellenic, is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including
Proto-Greek_language
Subfield of linguistics
Indogermanistik) is an interdisciplinary field that examines the Indo-European languages and related cultural history through historical linguistics, comparative
Indo-European_studies
Reconstructed ancestor of the Albanian languages
reconstructed language of Albanian, before the Gheg–Tosk dialectal diversification (before c. 600 CE). Albanoid and other Paleo-Balkan languages had their
Proto-Albanian_language
King of Lydia (c. 635 – c. 585 BC)
Ardys was killed during this Cimmerian attack or was deposed in 637 BC for being unable to protect Lydia from the Cimmerian attacks, and Ardys's son and
Alyattes
King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC
modern Western culture; the Greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire until its collapse
Alexander_the_Great
Ancient Greek city in Crimea
which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was founded by Milesians in the late 7th or early 6th century
Pantikapaion
Reconstructed language
Proto-Armenian is the reconstructed, unattested ancestral stage of the Armenian language, encompassing its development from Proto-Indo-European to the earliest
Proto-Armenian_language
Extinct Indo-European language of Southeast Europe
language (/ɪˈlɪriən/) was an Indo-European language or group of languages spoken by the Illyrians in Southeast Europe during antiquity. The language is
Illyrian_language
Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC
the Great. Her first language was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the Egyptian language, among several others
Cleopatra
Conan novelette by Robert E. Howard
short stories starring the fictional sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird
Shadows in the Moonlight (short story)
Shadows_in_the_Moonlight_(short_story)
Iron-Age kingdom of the ancient Near East
Assyrian war-chariots. In 714 BC, the Urartian kingdom suffered heavily from Cimmerian raids and the campaigns of Sargon II. The main temple at Musasir was sacked
Urartu
Extinct Indo-European language in Asia
Tocharian, was a Western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central
Tocharian_B
Conan novelette by Robert E. Howard
the Black Coast" is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird
Queen_of_the_Black_Coast
Ancestor of the Baltic languages
Common Baltic) is the unattested, reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all Baltic languages. It is not attested in writing, but has been partly reconstructed
Proto-Baltic_language
Reconstructed ancestor language of Persian, Avestan, Kurdish, Pashto and others
reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family and thus the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian
Proto-Iranian_language
Wooden horse in Greek mythology
Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyls Cimmerian Cumaean Delphic Erythraean Hellespontine Libyan Persian Phrygian Samian
Trojan_Horse
Conan novella by Robert E. Howard
"Red Nails" is the last of the stories featuring Conan the Cimmerian written by American author Robert E. Howard. A novella, it was originally serialized
Red_Nails
Conan short story by Robert E. Howard
original short stories featuring the sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard but not published during
The_God_in_the_Bowl
River in Russia; the longest river in Europe
the Cimmerians in the Caucasian Steppe and the Scythians in the Caspian Steppe. After the Scythians migrated to the west and displaced the Cimmerians, the
Volga
Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
Permian also saw the Cimmerian plate being rifted and detached from the Gondwanan shores of the Paleo-Tethys, forming the Cimmerian terranes. The Central
Pangaea
King of Lydia (fl. 7th century BC)
vassal of Assyria. Gyges soon defeated the Cimmerian invaders without Assyrian help, and he sent to Nineveh Cimmerian soldiers captured while ravaging Lydian
Gyges_of_Lydia
Second king of the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia
word for descendant, ḫardu- (𒄩𒅈𒁺). During the 7th century BC, the Cimmerians, a nomadic people from the Eurasian Steppe who had invaded Western Asia
Ardys_of_Lydia
1932 Conan novelette by Robert E. Howard
Phoenix on the Sword" is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird
The_Phoenix_on_the_Sword
Historical group of nomadic Iranian peoples
ancient Babylonians respectively used the names "Saka", "Scythian", and "Cimmerian" for all the steppe nomads. However, the name "Saka" is used specifically
Saka
Ancient Anatolian kingdom
Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital, Gordium, around 695 BC. Phrygia then became
Phrygia
5th–7th-century Turkic nomadic group of the Pontic–Caspian steppe
of Caesarea recounts: In ancient times, many Huns (hunnu), then called Cimmerians, inhabited the lands I have already mentioned. They all had one king.
Onogurs
Group of peoples in northern Europe
peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day Lithuanians (including Samogitians)
Balts
Ethnolinguistic groups in South Asia
(traditionally) speak Indo-Aryan languages. Historically, Aryans were the pastoralists who spoke Indo-Iranian languages, migrated from Central Asia into
Indo-Aryan_peoples
Extinct Celtic languages of Iberia
the Second Punic War). In particular, it includes: A northeastern inland language attested at a relatively late date in the extensive corpus of Celtiberian
Hispano-Celtic_languages
Priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae
but not eternal youth). The Cimmerian Sibyl may have been a doublet for the Cumaean Sibyl, since the designation Cimmerian refers to priestesses who lived
Cumaean_Sibyl
Jewish diaspora of Central Europe
the Cimmerians. The Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian Aškūza (cuneiform Aškuzai/Iškuzai), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from
Ashkenazi_Jews
BCE to the 1st millennium CE, in which other Iranic nomads such as the Cimmerians, Sauromatians, and Sarmatians also participated. The formation of genuine
History_of_the_Scythians
Ancient Greek settlements on the Crimean Peninsula
vicinity of the Kerch Strait, then known as the Cimmerian Bosporus. The density of colonies around the Cimmerian Bosporus was unusual for Greek colonization
Greek_Crimea
Historic site
государственного университета имени Ф. Скорины. Nº 4 (85).[permanent dead link] "Cimmerian bridge, 3200 years old, excavated in Mykolaiv region". day.kyiv.ua. 25
Dykyi_Sad_archaeological_site
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