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Economic accrual of large inflation for many years
Chronic inflation is an economic phenomenon occurring when a country experiences high inflation for a prolonged period (several years or decades) due
Chronic_inflation
Global inflation following the COVID-19 pandemic
2020, a worldwide surge in inflation began in mid-2021 and lasted until mid-2022. Many countries saw their highest inflation rates in decades. It has been
2021–2023_inflation_surge
Inflationism is a heterodox economic, fiscal, or monetary policy, that predicts that a substantial level of inflation is harmless, desirable or even advantageous
Inflationism
spending, large wage increases, and inefficient production created a chronic inflation that rose through the 1980s. The measures enacted during the last
Economic_history_of_Argentina
Devaluation of money's purchasing power
In economics, inflation is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of money, though it originally referred to the increase of
Inflation
Secular inflation is a prolonged period of gentle or mild price increases. Secular, or chronic, inflation is creeping inflation that continues to persist
Secular_inflation
Rapidly accelerating inflation
Blockade Chronic inflation Currency crisis Debt Fiat money The collection of precious metals for financial purposes, including as a hedge against inflation: Gold
Hyperinflation
1964–1985 military regime in Brazil
redemocratization policy, Figueiredo could not control the crumbling economy, chronic inflation, and concurrent fall of other South American military dictatorships
Military dictatorship in Brazil
Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil
2025 death of Iranian protester
worsened by the 2025 conflict with Israel, reimposed UN sanctions, chronic inflation (42.2% in December), and food and health price surges of 50–72%, left
Killing_of_Shayan_Asadollahi
High inflation, low economic growth, and high unemployment
combination of high inflation, stagnant economic growth, and elevated unemployment. The term stagflation, a portmanteau of "stagnation" and "inflation", was popularized
Stagflation
Currency of Vietnam
crest on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. Due to the chronic inflation experienced by Vietnam during the 1980s and 1990s, these coins lost
Vietnamese_đồng
Proper description of a currency amount
e.g. Joachimsthaler (see Dollar). Numismatics portal Money portal Chronic inflation Denomination (postage stamp) Devaluation Face value Hyperinflation
Denomination_(currency)
Iraqi state from 1968 to 2003
deteriorated due to the government's neglect. The economy suffered from chronic inflation and currency depreciation; the sanctions exacerbated the structural
Ba'athist_Iraq
Currency of Laos
economic toll of the Soviet collapse in 1991 and the persistence of chronic inflation, coins are rarely seen in circulation. In 1953, the Laos branch of
Lao_kip
President of Brazil from 1985 to 1990
the Brazilian debt crisis and the failure of Plano Cruzado to abate chronic inflation. His government is seen today as disastrous and clientelism was widespread
José_Sarney
unfolded after years of heavy dollarization since the 1950s when chronic inflation and weak confidence in the peso led Uruguayans to prefer U.S. dollars
2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis
Subunit of Turkish Lira
circulate until the 1970s. Kuruş eventually became obsolete due to the chronic inflation in Turkey in the late 1970s. A currency reform on 1 January 2005 provided
Kuruş
Fall of a complex human society
realistically support (elite overproduction), which led to social strife, and chronic inflation, which caused incomes to fall and threatened the fiscal health of
Societal_collapse
his inauguration in December 2023, sought to resolve Argentina's chronic inflation, fiscal deficits, and dual exchange rate distortions through a phased
Economic reforms of Javier Milei
Economic_reforms_of_Javier_Milei
Chronic medical condition
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome
Overview of the revaluation of the Turkish lira
The symbol was YTL and the ISO 4217 code was TRY. Because of the chronic inflation experienced in Turkey from the 1970s through to the 1990s, the old
Revaluation of the Turkish lira
Revaluation_of_the_Turkish_lira
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
dexamethasone, and curcumin could be helpful in preventing or treating chronic inflation. Given that the molecules are administered under a low-dose regimen
Immunotherapy
Currency of São Tomé and Príncipe
fauna. These coins, although seldom seen in circulation today due to chronic inflation have never been demonetized and can still be used as tender. In 1997
São_Tomé_and_Príncipe_dobra
Former currency of Peru
1975, multiple rates to the US dollar have been used. Due to the chronic inflation that occurred in Peru during the second presidency of Fernando Belaúnde
Peruvian_sol_(1863–1985)
Increase in prices in Chile
by inflation in 1931 and 1932. The inflation was brought under control momentarily after 1932 but resurfaced again in 1936. Much of Chile's chronic inflation
Inflation_in_Chile
American historian
oil industry; "Chronic Inflation as Systemic Failure" (1992) was a report to the World Bank "on long-term impacts of chronic inflation on institutions
Norman_Gall
Conflict between Boris Yeltsin and the parliament
and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of chronic inflation, the reform's architects argued, was a precondition for all other
1993 Russian constitutional crisis
1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis
re-democratization policy, Figueiredo could not control the crumbling economy, chronic inflation and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America
List_of_presidents_of_Brazil
Retired brigadier general (died 2026)
worsened by the 2025 conflict with Israel, reimposed UN sanctions, chronic inflation (42.2% in December), and food and health price surges of 50-72%, left
Killing_of_Latif_Karimi
Currency of Yugoslavia
dollar by 1984, and 457 dinara to the dollar by 1987. Yugoslavia's chronic inflation was poorly managed. Its central bank monetized the debt by growing
Yugoslav_dinar
President of Sudan from 1989 to 2019
economic growth was not shared by all. Headline inflation in 2012 approached the threshold of chronic inflation (period average 36%), about 11% up from the
Omar_al-Bashir
Argentinian stock market index
the first time. This is due to the Argentine economy experiencing chronic inflation, which causes the peso to lose substantial purchasing power in a short
MERVAL
Prime Minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996
domestic product increasing every year for 30 years, and the end of chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties, along with the increasingly
Paul_Keating
Process of changing the face value of a currency unit
disambiguate which kind of billion or trillion is meant. In the case of chronic inflation which is expected to continue, the authorities have a choice between
Redenomination
January 2026 death during protests in Iran
worsened by the 2025 conflict with Israel, reimposed UN sanctions, chronic inflation (42.2% in December), and food and health price surges of 50–72%, left
Killing_of_Reza_Ghanbari
Economic disaster
Convertibility Law, initial economic effects were quite positive: Argentina's chronic inflation was curtailed dramatically and foreign investment began to pour in
1998–2002 Argentine great depression
1998–2002_Argentine_great_depression
American economist (born 1934)
books including Unemployment, Money Wage Rates, and Inflation (MIT Press, 1996), Curing Chronic Inflation (Brookings, 1978), and Economic Events, Ideas, and
George Perry (American economist)
George_Perry_(American_economist)
Central Bank of Laos
economic toll of the Soviet collapse in 1991 and the persistence of chronic inflation, there are no coins currently in circulation in Laos. In 1979, banknotes
Bank_of_the_Lao_P.D.R.
Economic term
Stagflation Devaluation Chronic inflation Deflation Meltzer, A.H. (2006), "From Inflation to More Inflation, Disinflation, and Low Inflation", American Economic
Disinflation
Japanese coin from the Edo period
Tsūhō coin) which lead to chronic inflation in commodity prices, this has been compared by economic historians to the inflation caused by the introduction
Tenpō_Tsūhō
our inflations have been more intense, and our depressions far deeper, than ever before. There is only one way to eliminate chronic inflation, as well
Criticism of the Federal Reserve
Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve
Periods of currency instability
government of Zimbabwe stopped filing official inflation statistics. However, Zimbabwe's peak month of inflation is estimated at 79.6 billion percent month-on-month
Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe
Chilean historical period
mostly to his cabinet. Elected on a program promising to put an end to chronic inflation in the Chilean economy, Ibáñez decided to freeze wages and prices
Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
Presidential_Republic_(1925–1973)
Country in South America
foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced chronic inflation, in mid-1985, the Peruvian sol was replaced by the inti, which itself
Peru
City in Montenegro
employed over 6,500 workers, although that year two strikes took place. Chronic inflation of the Yugoslav dinar had already begun, and the metal works were
Nikšić
Economic Area in 1994. Economic stability increased and previously chronic inflation was drastically reduced. In 1993 Iceland and the United States reassessed
History_of_Iceland
Economic process
which was felt globally. Chronic inflation Debt deflation Economic stagnation Inflationism Liquidity trap Monetary inflation Shrinkflation Zero interest-rate
Biflation
British Army general (1895–1985)
occupation forces life in Cologne was very pleasant, because, owing to the chronic inflation of the German mark, we always had plenty of money, a most unusual
Brian_Horrocks
earlier growth, and Figueiredo could not control the crumbling economy, chronic inflation and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America
History_of_Brazil
Prime Ministers of Australia from 1983 until 1996
credited the government's policies with bringing to an end what had been chronic inflation and balance of payments difficulties for Australia, enabling longer
Hawke–Keating_government
Inflation driven by a rise in the cost of goods and services
Cost-push inflation is a purported type of inflation caused by increases in the cost of important goods or services where no suitable alternative is available
Cost-push_inflation
Value in economics and accounting
inflation and the value of an asset in relation to its purchasing power. In macroeconomics, the real gross domestic product compensates for inflation
Real_and_nominal_value
President of Peru (1985–1990 and 2006–2011)
García's administration increased to $19 billion by 1989. Owing to this chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the inti in February
Alan_García
Leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980
investment and a chronic deficit in the nation's balance of payment. In the 1970s, uncontrolled growth often created chronic inflation, which Tito and
Josip_Broz_Tito
thereby profoundly destabilizing the Peruvian economy. Owing to such chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the Inti in mid-1985
History_of_Peru
utilizing the discount rate that bails out commercial banks. Bank rate Chronic inflation Discount window Money supply Eeng Ahman dan Epi Indriani. Ekonomi
Discount_policy
Type of inflation where aggregate demand increases faster than aggregate supply
Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand in an economy is more than aggregate supply. It involves inflation rising as real gross domestic product
Demand-pull_inflation
Traditional system of measurement used in Vietnam
xu, with 1 đồng equaling 10 hào or 100 xu. After the Vietnam War, chronic inflation caused both subdivisions to fall out of use, leaving đồng as the only
Vietnamese units of measurement
Vietnamese_units_of_measurement
Inertial inflation is a situation in which all prices in an economy are continuously adjusted with relation to a price index by force of contracts. Changes
Inertial_inflation
and profoundly destabilized the Peruvian economy. As a result of chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the inti in mid-1985
Economic_history_of_Peru
Decrease in the general price level
slowdown in the inflation rate; i.e., when inflation declines to a lower rate but is still positive. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below
Deflation
Dissolution of the USSR since 1991
and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of chronic inflation, the reform architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms:
History of the Russian Federation
History_of_the_Russian_Federation
Turkish politician
Süreyya Serdengeçti retired at the end of a five-year term that saw chronic inflation drop from double- to single-digit figures for the first time in three
Durmuş_Yılmaz
companies. At the same time economic stability increased and previously chronic inflation was drastically reduced.[citation needed] In 1995, the Independence
Economic_history_of_Iceland
when the government could no longer stimulate the economy, control chronic inflation and the increasing levels of income and poverty concentration stemming
Conservatism_in_Brazil
Partial collapse of a lung causing reduced gas exchange
acute or chronic condition. In acute atelectasis, the lung has recently collapsed and is primarily notable only for airlessness. In chronic atelectasis
Atelectasis
US government debt instruments
securities: Treasury bills, Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS). The government sells these securities in
United States Treasury security
United_States_Treasury_security
People without work and actively seeking work
rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the NAIRU, the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of
Unemployment
Interest rate taking inflation into account
expectations of future inflation. Since the inflation rate over the course of a loan is not known initially, volatility in inflation represents a risk to
Real_interest_rate
bailout – $30B as inflation hit 25%; interest rates reached 40% (world's highest). Inflation hit 54% in 2019 and 211% in 2023. In 2023 inflation crossed 100%
Economy_of_Argentina
Period of economic stagnation in Japan
Decades. His "three arrows" of reform intend to address Japan's chronically low inflation, decreasing worker productivity relative to other developed nations
Lost_Decades
Currency not backed by any commodity
Keynesian economists argue that an increase in the fiat money supply causes inflation while Keynesian, Post-Keynesian and modern monetary theory economists
Fiat_money
Chronic lung condition
associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a major subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized
Emphysema
IMF staff estimates in 2025–2029). Inflation below 5% is in green. As of 2025, China had experienced three inflation peaks: 1987–1989 (18.8%), 1993–1996
Economy_of_China
Rise of food prices in Iran
Iran has faced severe food inflation in the past decade, driven by multiple factors. These include agricultural, climatic and energy challenges, significant
Food_inflation_in_Iran
Historical medical treatment
Benjamin Rush (ed.), The works of Thomas Sydenham, M.D., on acute and chronic diseases: with their histories and modes of cure, Philadelphia: B. & T
Tobacco_smoke_enema
2023 book from Argentina
deal with inflation, a chronic problem in the Argentine economy. The book is divided into three parts, and rejects the idea that inflation has several
El_fin_de_la_inflación
2021-2024 economic crisis in Pakistan
2022. It caused severe economic challenges for years, including surging inflation causing food, gas, and oil prices to rise; fuel shortages; a substantial
Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)
Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2021–2024)
Central banking system of the US
something that metastasized and becomes much more chronic later on." Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions
Federal_Reserve
Policy platform of the 2024 Donald Trump campaign
health; its legality and feasibility; and the risk that it will increase inflation. Some columnists have described it as fascist or authoritarian. In September
Agenda_47
Level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise
The non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is a theoretical level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise. It
NAIRU
instructions to reduce the country's runaway inflation rate. Despite Simonsen's efforts, the official inflation rate had risen to 40% per annum in 1979 and
Mário_Henrique_Simonsen
Fuel formed naturally from dead plants and animals
fossil fuels on inflation. According to Vox in August 2022, "Economists have pointed to energy prices as the main reason for high inflation", noting that
Fossil_fuel
Worldwide economic event
October 2022. The decline was due to the highest inflation readings as part of the 2021–2023 inflation surge and the resulting increases in interest rates
2022_stock_market_decline
Period of rapid progress in AI
Underconsumption Inflation and unemployment Chronic Classical dichotomy Debasement Debt monetization Demand-pull/cost-push/built-in inflation Deflation Disinflation
AI_boom
COVID-19 pandemic, a global surge in inflation ensued that raised prices on many goods, although the U.S. inflation rate had declined significantly during
2024 United States presidential election
2024_United_States_presidential_election
revolution, the Iranian economy has experienced slower economic growth, high inflation, and recurring crises. A variety of armed conflicts in the region – as
Economy_of_Iran
Economic model relating wages to unemployment
curve is a representation of the relationship between unemployment and inflation in the macroeconomy, where a tradeoff between low unemployment and price
Phillips_curve
Aspect of monetary policy
pattern that has produced chronically high inflation and eroded confidence in the currency. Over the long term, Argentina’s inflation rate averaged about 190%
Fiscal_dominance
Housing shortage and inflation
population. The housing shortage has been cited as a major factor in inflation in the US. Artificial scarcity in the supply of housing, due to NIMBYism
Housing crisis in the United States
Housing_crisis_in_the_United_States
the Bank of Canada sets an inflation target The inflation target was set at 2 per cent, which is the midpoint of an inflation range of 1 to 3 per cent.
Economy_of_Canada
Economics technique for income adjustment to maintain purchasing power
index, in order to maintain the purchasing power of the public after inflation, while deindexation is the unwinding of indexation. It is often used to
Indexation
Economic crisis in Bolivia
annual rate of 24,000% during the crisis. In mid-1985 inflation stood at 20,000%. Social unrest, chronic strikes, and unchecked drug trafficking was widespread
1982–1985 Bolivian economic crisis
1982–1985_Bolivian_economic_crisis
Country in South Asia
population of India carry tuberculosis infection. As of 2018,[update] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the leading cause of death after heart
India
Economic policy in Communist Romania
meant a decrease in wages. Real incomes began to shrink not only due to inflation, but also due to the lack of availability of certain products, while the
1980s austerity policy in Romania
1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania
Global economic recession
early 1980. The sharp rise in oil prices pushed the already high rates of inflation in several major advanced countries to new double-digit highs, with countries
Early_1980s_recession
American pharmacist, inventor of Coca-Cola (1831–1888)
April 1865, during the Battle of Columbus. His efforts to control his chronic pain led to morphine addiction. In an attempt to curb his addiction he
John_Stith_Pemberton
Percentage of a sum of money charged for its use
rate is the interest rate without adjusting for inflation, whereas the real interest rate takes inflation into account. Real interest rates measure the
Interest_rate
Volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation
TLC Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV. TV Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of
Tidal_volume
Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created the Venezuelan
Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests
Timeline_of_the_2014_Venezuelan_protests
CHRONIC INFLATION
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