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Complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein responsible for condensing and packaging chromosomal DNA. Chromatin is found in both bacterial and eukaryotic
Chromatin
A chromatin variant (also known as an epigenetic lesion, epimutation or epigenetic alteration) corresponds to a section of the genome that differs in
Chromatin_variant
Bivalent chromatin are segments of DNA, bound to histone proteins, that have both repressing and activating epigenetic regulators in the same region.
Bivalent_chromatin
salt-and-pepper chromatin, also known as salt-and-pepper nuclei or stippled chromatin, refers to cell nuclei that demonstrate granular chromatin when observed
Salt-and-pepper_chromatin
Genomic technique
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and
Chromatin_immunoprecipitation
Form of dynamic modification
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery
Chromatin_remodeling
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
term 'chromatin', which was introduced by Walther Flemming. Some of the early karyological terms have become outdated. For example, 'chromatin' (Flemming
Chromosome
Protein complex
Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) is a protein complex — including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60), and p48 subunits in humans, or Cac1, Cac2, and Cac3
Chromatin_assembly_factor_1
Molecular biology sequencing technique
sequencing assay capturing genomic and epigenomic information for individual chromatin fibers. It achieves this by combining labelling of accessible DNA with
Fiber-Seq
Genomic analysis technique
Hi-C is a high-throughput genomic and epigenomic technique to capture chromatin conformation (3C). In general, Hi-C is considered as a derivative of a
Hi-C (genomic analysis technique)
Hi-C_(genomic_analysis_technique)
Medical condition
Chromatin bridge is a mitotic occurrence that forms when telomeres of sister chromatids fuse together and fail to completely segregate into their respective
Chromatin_bridge
Basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
wrapped around a spool. The nucleosome is the fundamental subunit of chromatin. Each nucleosome is composed of a little less than two turns of DNA wrapped
Nucleosome
Region of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome
An active chromatin sequence (ACS) is a region of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome in which histone modifications such as acetylation lead to exposure of
Active_chromatin_sequence
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) is a diagnostic approach that detects sperm abnormality with a large extent of DNA fragmentation. First described
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay
Sperm_Chromatin_Structure_Assay
Form taken by the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell
A Barr body (named after discoverer Murray Barr) or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans),
Barr_body
Components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells
one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Though highly conserved, it is nevertheless the most
Histone_H1
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling protein complex in yeast
Structure of Chromatin) is a protein complex of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler family. The activity of the RSC complex allows for chromatin to be remodeled
Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex
Chromatin_structure_remodeling_(RSC)_complex
Lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes
Euchromatin (also called "open chromatin") is a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but
Euchromatin
American biochemist (born 1954)
1985, where he started a research laboratory focused on understanding chromatin structure with regards to transcriptional regulation. Kingston was head
Robert_E._Kingston
Molecular biology technique
Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. The
ATAC-seq
Medical condition
gene is required for chromatin remodeling, a process that regulates gene expression. By allowing for the creation of chromatin, the CHD3 gene affects
Snijders Blok–Campeau syndrome
Snijders_Blok–Campeau_syndrome
Academic journal
Epigenetics & Chromatin is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by BioMed Central that covers the biology of epigenetics and chromatin. Epigenetics
Epigenetics_&_Chromatin
First phase of mitosis and meiosis
prophase. The main occurrences in prophase are the condensation of the chromatin reticulum and the disappearance of the nucleolus. Microscopy can be used
Prophase
Technique in molecular biology
Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET or ChIA-PETS) is a technique in molecular biology that incorporates chromatin immunoprecipitation
ChIA-PET
Self-interacting genomic region
extrudes chromatin to progressively grow a loop. Chromatin on both sides of the cohesin complex is extruded until cohesin encounters a chromatin-bound CTCF
Topologically associating domain
Topologically_associating_domain
and genetics at Johns Hopkins University. He is active in the fields of chromatin and gene expression. Carl Wu was born in Hong Kong. Wu attended St. Joseph's
Carl_Wu
Protein found in humans
Chromatin accessibility complex 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRAC1 gene. CHRAC1 is a histone-fold protein that interacts with other
Chromatin accessibility complex 1
Chromatin_accessibility_complex_1
Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a dying cell
Pyknosis, or karyopyknosis, is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis. It is typically followed
Pyknosis
the chromatin within the nucleus. These elements constitute anchor points of the DNA for the chromatin scaffold and serve to organize the chromatin into
Scaffold/matrix attachment region
Scaffold/matrix_attachment_region
Novel genomic technique
utilizes chromatin conformation capture (3C) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies' (ONT) long-read sequencing to characterize three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure
Pore-C
Protein complex for mRNA transcription
influences whether the histones of transcribed nucleosomes are evicted from chromatin, or reinserted behind the transcribing polymerase. RNA polymerase II is
RNA_polymerase_II
Proximity ligation assisted chip-seq technology
chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (PLAC-seq) is a chromatin conformation capture(3C)-based technique to detect and quantify genomic chromatin structure
PLAC-Seq
Subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes
SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable), is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, which is found in eukaryotes. In other words, it
SWI/SNF
Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes
in turn are wrapped into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly packed chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from DNA damage
Histone
Method used to analyse protein interactions with DNA
bind and cleave protein-unbound regions of DNA on chromatin. DNA bound to histones or other chromatin-bound proteins (e.g. transcription factors) may remain
MNase-seq
Type of modification to a cell's epigenome
gene priming) is the modification to a cell's epigenome whereby specific chromatin domains within a cell are converted from a closed state to an open state
Epigenetic_priming
Genetic boundary element that blocks the interaction between enhancers and promoters
enhancer-blocker Similar mechanism of action for enhancer-blocking insulators; chromatin loop domains are formed in the nucleus that separates the enhancer and
Insulator_(genetics)
Secondary structure of chromatin
The solenoid structure of chromatin is a model for the structure of the 30 nm fibre. It is a secondary chromatin structure which helps to package eukaryotic
Solenoid_(DNA)
Fibrillar network
as DNA replication and cell division. Additionally, it participates in chromatin organization and it anchors the nuclear pore complexes embedded in the
Nuclear_lamina
American geneticist and biophysicist (born 1979)
sequencing and optical microscopy methods for studying gene regulation and chromatin structure. Greenleaf is a co-inventor of ATAC-seq, a widely-used epigenomic
William Greenleaf (American scientist)
William_Greenleaf_(American_scientist)
Compact and highly condensed form of chromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of chromatin, which comes in multiple varieties. These varieties lie on a continuum between the two extremes
Heterochromatin
Spatial distribution of chromatin within a cell nucleus
Nuclear organization refers to the spatial organization of chromatin within a cell nucleus during interphase. There are many different levels and scales
Nuclear_organization
American geneticist and molecular biologist (1929–2024)
American molecular biologist and biochemist known for his pioneering work in chromatin biology and gene regulation. Over a career spanning more than six decades
Gary_Felsenfeld
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCA5 gene
SMARCA5
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
for chromatin-modifying enzymes (or transcription machinery as well). This chromatin remodeler can then cause changes to the state of the chromatin. Indeed
Epigenetics
Proteine
ISWI (Imitation SWItch) is one of the five major DNA chromatin remodeling complex types, or subfamilies, found in most eukaryotic organisms. ISWI remodeling
Imitation_SWI
American biochemist and molecular biologist
Carolina at Chapel Hill. Strahl is known for his research in the field of chromatin biology and histone modifications. Strahl, with C. David Allis proposed
Brian_D._Strahl
American biologist
Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her research is focused in chromatin regulation and how changes in cellular structure can lead to human diseases
Cigall_Kadoch
Transcription factor
Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can directly bind condensed chromatin. They can have positive and negative effects on transcription and are
Pioneer_factor
(DHSs) are regions of chromatin that are sensitive to cleavage by the DNase I enzyme. In these specific regions of the genome, chromatin has lost its condensed
DNase_I_hypersensitive_site
Protein found in humans
Chromatin target of PRMT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHTOP gene. This gene encodes a small nuclear protein that is characterized by
Chromatin_target_of_PRMT1
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3
trimethylation regulates gene expression through chromatin remodeling by the NURF complex. This makes the DNA in the chromatin more accessible for transcription factors
H3K4me3
Definition of scientific term
thread. Chromomeres are regions of chromatin that have been compacted through localized contraction. In areas of chromatin with the absence of transcription
Chromomere
One of the five main histone proteins
is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. The other histone proteins are: H1, H2B, H3 and H4
Histone_H2A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Transcription activator BRG1 also known as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler SMARCA4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCA4 gene. The protein
SMARCA4
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes (remodelers). All remodelers fall under the umbrella
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) subfamily
Chromodomain_helicase_DNA-binding_(CHD)_subfamily
Histone protein from the H2A family
core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, to form chromatin. H2AX contributes to nucleosome-formation, chromatin-remodeling and DNA repair, and is also used
H2AFX
Protein family
domain found in a variety of eukaryotic transcriptional regulators and chromatin-associated proteins. It is named after three proteins in which it was
BEN_domain
InterPro Family
NPM3 are co-expressed and appear to function cooperatively during sperm chromatin remodeling, with NPM2 serving as the dominant oocyte form and NPM1 and
Nucleoplasmin
Protein domain which is involved in DNA binding
the DNA-binding of chromatin-associated high-mobility group proteins. HMG-boxes are present in many transcription factors and chromatin-remodeling complexes
HMG-box
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SMARCD2 gene
SMARCD2
Swiss chemist and molecular biologist
understanding dynamic processes of large molecular systems, particularly in chromatin regulation. Beat Fierz studied molecular biology and biophysical chemistry
Beat_Fierz
German zoologist and comparative anatomist
hypothesis regarding cellular processes that cause cancer, and for describing chromatin diminution in nematodes. His brother was industrialist Walter Boveri.
Theodor_Boveri
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCB1 gene
SMARCB1
Biological term
inheritance. Changes to the epigenome can result in changes to the structure of chromatin and changes to the function of the genome. The human epigenome, including
Epigenome
Transcription factor
regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin architecture. CCCTC-Binding factor or CTCF was initially discovered as
CTCF
Geneticist and cell biologist
of epigenetics, particularly chromatin regulation. She is Senior Group Leader and Director of the Department of Chromatin Regulation at the Max Planck
Asifa_Akhtar
Family of proteins
bind to lamin filaments and chromatin. New findings suggest that BAF has structural roles in nuclear assembly and chromatin organization, represses gene
Barrier-to-autointegration factor
Barrier-to-autointegration_factor
One of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin
is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main globular domain and a long N-terminal
Histone_H4
American academic (born 1961)
regulation studies and in situ detection of transcriptionally active chromatin using fluorescence-activated cell sorting with a viable cell fluorogenic
Garry_Nolan
Protein-coding gene in humans
encoded by the ARID1B gene. ARID1B is a component of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Germline mutations in ARID1B are associated with Coffin–Siris
ARID1B
Pharmaceutical compound
Malinin VV (January 2004). "Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 137
Livagen
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
complexes with chromatin remodeling and/or histone modifying activity to methylated CpG islands. MBD proteins generally repress local chromatin such as by
Transcription_(biology)
Type of enzymes
nucleosomes. These nucleosomes further fold together into highly condensed chromatin, which renders the organism's genetic material far less accessible to
Histone-modifying_enzymes
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone
HIST2H4A
Field of study
into protein-DNA complexes called chromatin. Histones, which are the most prevalent type of protein found in chromatin, function to condense the DNA; the
Epigenomics
Laboratory technique in biochemistry
protein's status as a member of the complex may be subject to question. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method used to determine the location
Immunoprecipitation
Method in molecular biology
molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell. These methods quantify the number of interactions between genomic
Chromosome conformation capture
Chromosome_conformation_capture
Professor of developmental epigenetics
Laboratory of Medical Sciences, where her research group Reprogramming and Chromatin is also hosted. Petra Hajkova completed her Masters at the Charles University
Petra_Hajkova
Austrian-American biochemist and biophysicist
with nucleosomes and discovery of the three-dimensional structure of chromatin. She is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder
Karolin_Luger
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. Two transcript variants encoding different
SMARCA1
Molecule that carries genetic information
which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes (see Chromatin remodeling). There is, further
DNA
Protein that regulates the rate of DNA transcription
into classes based on their DBDs. Other proteins such as coactivators, chromatin remodelers, histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, kinases
Transcription_factor
Single-cell sequencing technology
method for profiling open and closed chromatin. In contrast to single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), which
ScGET-seq
One of the five main histone proteins
H2B is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main globular domain and long N-terminal
Histone_H2B
Molecular structure formed in DNA transcription
transcriptional level. The formation of bubbles depends on the structure of chromatin, the DNA sequence, and transcription factor, including H3K27ac histone
Transcription_bubble
American geneticist
the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. His laboratory identified chromatin remodeling factors important for gene regulation in normal and cancer
John_Charles_Lucchesi
Histone methylation on tail of histone H3 associated with gene bodies
complexes formed by the looping of the DNA are known as chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome: this consists of the core octamer
H3K9me3
Swiss American molecular biologist, biochemist, and biophysicist
Aaron Klug studying the nucleosome (which is the fundamental subunit of chromatin). Richmond was from 1980 to 1987 a tenured staff scientist at the MRC
Timothy_J._Richmond
Feature of biological cell structure
gradient of GTP-bound Ran is generated around the vicinity of mitotic chromatin. Glass beads coated with RCC1 induce microtubule nucleation and bipolar
Spindle_apparatus
of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone
HIST4H4
RNA-based gene silencing process
pathway is unique to plants, although other mechanisms of RNA-directed chromatin modification have also been described in fungi and animals. To date, the
RNA-directed_DNA_methylation
Protein complex
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylase activities. As of 2007[update], Mi-2/NuRD was the only known protein complex that couples chromatin remodeling
Mi-2/NuRD_complex
Protein-coding gene in humans
family of proteins which are characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains
CHD3
Inactivation of copies of X chromosome
which are associated with gene silencing. PRC2 regulates chromatin compaction and chromatin remodeling in several processes including the DNA damage response
X-inactivation
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
this DNA exists in a DNA-protein complex known as chromatin, while during cell division the chromatin forms the well-defined chromosomes familiar from
Cell_nucleus
Epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3
protein. Histone H3 phosphorylation at threonine 11 establishes a unique chromatin mark for transcriptional control. The levels of phosphorylated H3T11 are
H3T11P
Protein-coding gene in humans
Chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHAF1B gene. Chromatin assembly factor I (CAF-1) is required for the
CHAF1B
Study of how diet changes gene expression
science that studies the effects of nutrition on gene expression and chromatin accessibility. It is a subcategory of nutritional genomics that focuses
Nutritional_epigenetics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
including DNA repair, telomere maintenance, glycolysis, inflammation, and Chromatin organization. SIRT6 is member of the mammalian sirtuin family of proteins
Sirtuin_6
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