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Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
of chlorophylls are summarized below: Structures of chlorophylls chlorophyll a chlorophyll b chlorophyll c1 chlorophyll c2 chlorophyll c3 chlorophyll d
Chlorophyll
Chemical compound
Chlorophyll a is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It absorbs most energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red
Chlorophyll_a
Light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states
Chlorophyll fluorescence is light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states. It is used as an indicator of
Chlorophyll_fluorescence
Chemical compound
Chlorophyll b is a form of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy. It is more soluble than chlorophyll a in polar
Chlorophyll_b
substance in the oceans is chlorophyll pigment, which phytoplankton use to produce carbon by photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, a green pigment, makes phytoplankton
Ocean_color
Chemical compound
Chlorophyll c refers to forms of chlorophyll found in certain marine algae, including the photosynthetic Chromista (e.g. diatoms and brown algae) and dinoflagellates
Chlorophyll_c
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
photosynthetic pigments or chromophores. In plants, these pigments are chlorophylls (a porphyrin derivative that absorbs the red and blue spectra of light
Photosynthesis
Chemical compound
Chlorophyll d (Chl d) is a form of chlorophyll, identified by Harold Strain and Winston Manning in 1943. It was unambiguously identified in Acaryochloris
Chlorophyll_d
Chemical compound
Chlorophyll f (Chl f) is a form of chlorophyll that absorbs further into the red (near-infrared light) spectrum than other chlorophylls. In 2010, it was
Chlorophyll_f
Class of enzymes
\rightleftharpoons } chlorophyll a + diphosphate The two substrates of this enzyme are chlorophyllide a and phytyl diphosphate; its two products are chlorophyll a and
Chlorophyll_synthase
Photosystem II primary donor
P680, or photosystem II primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem II in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
P680
Astrobiological hypothesis regarding early photosynthetic organisms
simpler molecule retinal rather than the more complex porphyrin-based chlorophyll, making the surface biosphere appear purplish rather than its current
Purple_Earth_hypothesis
Subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll
The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), also called the subsurface chlorophyll maximum, is the region below the surface of water with the maximum concentration
Deep_chlorophyll_maximum
Phenomenon that affects the leaves during autumn
intense green of chlorophyll during summer. The degradation of chlorophyll into colorless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites can
Autumn_leaf_color
Chemical compound
Chlorophyllin refers to any one of a group of closely related water-soluble salts that are semi-synthetic derivatives of chlorophyll, differing in the identity
Chlorophyllin
Subdiscipline of botany
of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
Plant_physiology
content, one can assess the chlorophyll content. Nitrogen content is linked to chlorophyll content because a molecule of chlorophyll contains four nitrogen
Plant_tissue_test
Substances produced by living organisms
phycoerythrin, scytonemin, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d, and chlorophyll f. Purple sulfur bacteria produce bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll
Biological_pigment
Protein family
The peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex (PCP or PerCP) is a soluble molecular complex consisting of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein bound to peridinin
Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex
Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein_complex
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight, convert
Chloroplast
Medical condition in plants
In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic
Chlorosis
Chlorophyll(ide) b reductase (EC 1.1.1.294), chlorophyll b reductase, Chl b reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name 71-hydroxychlorophyllide-a:NAD(P)+
Chlorophyll(ide)_b_reductase
Superhero team in DC Comics
Heroes is founded by Polar Boy, Night Girl, Stone Boy, Fire Lad, and Chlorophyll Kid, five young heroes whose powers are not sufficient to earn them membership
Legion_of_Substitute_Heroes
CO2-1PPM
are those that measure parameters related to photosynthesis (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange) or water use (porometer, pressure
Plant_stress_measurement
Shedding of various parts of an organism
Resorption involves degrading chlorophyll to extract the majority of its nutrients. Nitrogen is found in chlorophyll and is often a limiting nutrient for plants
Abscission
Class of enzymes
7-Hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase (EC 1.17.7.2, HCAR) is an enzyme with systematic name 71-hydroxychlorophyll a:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This
7-Hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase
7-Hydroxymethyl_chlorophyll_a_reductase
Mutant redwood tree with little to no chlorophyll
An albino redwood is a redwood tree which is partially or totally unable to produce chlorophyll, and therefore has only white needles instead of the normal
Albino_redwood
Species of cactus
mihanovichii is a species of cactus from South America. The most popular cultivars are varied mutants which completely lack chlorophyll, exposing the red
Gymnocalycium_mihanovichii
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
surrounds the reaction center. The antenna complex contains hundreds of chlorophyll molecules which funnel the excitation energy to the center of the photosystem
Photosystem
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
of the plastids within the leaves, and these are grouped together as chlorophyll chimeras, or preferably as variegated leaf chimeras. For most variegation
Chimera_(genetics)
Second protein complex in photosynthetic light reactions
chlorophyll molecules and is therefore referred to as a dimer. The dimer is thought to be composed of one chlorophyll a molecule and one chlorophyll a′
Photosystem_I
Device used to identify the presence and the amount of specific molecules in a medium
instance, they are used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence to investigate plant physiology. Typically fluorometers utilize a double beam. These two beams work
Fluorometer
Chlorophyll molecule lacking a central Mg2+ ion
pheophytin is a chlorophyll molecule lacking a central Mg2+ ion. It can be produced from chlorophyll by treatment with a weak acid, producing a dark bluish
Pheophytin
synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis.[citation needed] A balance of magnesium is vital to the well-being of all organisms. Magnesium is a relatively
Magnesium_in_biology
Type of chemical compound
a component of hemoproteins, whose functions include carrying oxygen in the bloodstream. In plants, an essential porphyrin derivative is chlorophyll,
Porphyrin
Component of photosynthesis
protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants and cyanobacteria, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule
Light-harvesting complexes of green plants
Light-harvesting_complexes_of_green_plants
Enzyme in chlorophyll metabolism
essential enzyme in chlorophyll metabolism. It is a membrane proteins commonly known as chlase (EC 3.1.1.14, CLH) with systematic name chlorophyll chlorophyllidohydrolase
Chlorophyllase
Chemical compound
chlorophyll. Chlorophylls have a fifth, ketone-containing ring unlike the chlorins. Diverse chlorophylls exists, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
Chlorin
Part of a molecule responsible for its color
metal complex chromophores, which contain a metal in a coordination complex with ligands. Examples are chlorophyll, which is used by plants for photosynthesis
Chromophore
Leaf with uneven distribution of chlorophyll
reversion is often a possibility, when the plant adapts to express chlorophyll in all tissues again. Cuttings with a complete lack of chlorophyll may be difficult
Variegation
Membrane enclosed compartments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment. In thylakoid membranes, chlorophyll pigments are found in packets called quantasomes
Thylakoid
Ocean regions with little phytoplankton
High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions are regions of the ocean where the abundance of phytoplankton is low and fairly constant despite the availability
High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions
High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions
Satellite-borne sensor designed to collect global ocean biological data
September 1997 to December 2010, its primary mission was to quantify chlorophyll produced by marine phytoplankton (microscopic plants). Many of the objectives
SeaWiFS
Aquatic region of low-nutrient concentration
by low chlorophyll concentrations. These regions can be described as oligotrophic, and about 75% of the world's oceans encompass LNLC regions. A majority
Low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region
Low-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_region
Chemical compound
Pheophorbide or phaeophorbide is a product of chlorophyll breakdown and a derivative of pheophytin where both the central magnesium has been removed and
Pheophorbide
In plants, a variable pore between paired guard cells
of stomata to blue light is independent of other leaf components like chlorophyll. Guard cell protoplasts swell under blue light provided there is sufficient
Stoma
Type of molecule
Xanthophyll: a yellow pigment Phaeophytin a: a gray-brown pigment Phaeophytin b: a yellow-brown pigment Chlorophyll a: a blue-green pigment Chlorophyll b: a yellow-green
Photosynthetic_pigment
How deeply visible light penetrates through water
matter, the concentration of chlorophyll-a pigment, and the concentration of total suspended solids. Clear water generally has a deep Secchi depth, low light
Water_clarity
organisms, that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a. They include other forms of this pigment, such as chlorophyll b in green algal and vascular ("higher")
Accessory_pigment
Phytoplankton occurring in freshwater ecosystems
used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass in a given location general, the more chlorophyll a, the more phytoplankton biomass, although the CHL a to C ratio
Freshwater_phytoplankton
Ecological metric
light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II operating (see Chlorophyll). Using longer wavelengths means less light energy is needed for the
Photosynthetic_efficiency
Class of chemical compounds
as hemoglobin and chlorophyll. In these two molecules, in particular, the pyrrole macrocycle ring frames a metal atom, which forms a coordination compound
Tetrapyrrole
InterPro Family
red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC reductase) family of proteins consists of several reductase enzymes. They act together with pheophorbide a oxygenase
Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
Red_chlorophyll_catabolite_reductase
Instrument for scientific study of photosynthesis in plants
A light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) is a device to remotely measure chlorophyll fluorescence in plants in a fast and non-destructive way. By
Light-induced fluorescence transient
Light-induced_fluorescence_transient
Disorder causing lack of pigmentation
produce a reflective, shiny, white colour. The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll along
Albinism
Chemical compound
Chlorophyllide a and chlorophyllide b are the biosynthetic precursors of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b respectively. Their propionic acid groups are
Chlorophyllide
Perennial woody plant with elongated trunk
longer make new chlorophyll and the red and yellow pigments already present in the blades become apparent. Synthesis in the leaf of a plant hormone called
Tree
American photographer (born 1977)
Binh Danh is an American artist known for chlorophyll prints and daguerreotypes on the subjects of war, immigration, and National Parks. Danh was born
Binh_Danh
Disease of plants
causes the leaves on a vine to turn purple and eventually black as chlorophyll is lost. For vine growers this lack of chlorophyll inhibits the vine's ability
Black_spot_leaf_disease
Protein that contains a metal ion cofactor
adjacent to the chlorophyll in the chloroplast. In the process chlorophyll is oxidized. Later in the photosynthetic cycle, chlorophyll is reduced back
Metalloprotein
Genus of orchids
or no chlorophyll, and do not utilize photosynthesis. An exception is the yellowish green species Corallorhiza trifida, which has some chlorophyll and is
Corallorhiza
Nutrient deficiency
lead to stunting, lack of flowering or fruiting, and chlorosis (a lack of chlorophyll, leading to discoloration). This can occur when organic matter with
Nitrogen_deficiency
Class of plant-based pigments
the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera
Anthocyanin
German chemist (1881–1945)
a German organic chemist and the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and
Hans_Fischer
Chemical compound
bisglycinate, is the magnesium salt of glycinate. The compound is sold as a dietary supplement intended to relieve magnesium deficiency. It is an ingredient
Magnesium_glycinate
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments such as various forms of chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins to convert the photonic energy in sunlight
Cyanobacteria
American fashion designer
in hospitality, nutrition and wellness. Prior to founding Chlorophyll Water, Levine had been a restaurateur, known for his gluten-free, organic, locally
Matt_Levine_(entrepreneur)
Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem
varieties may appear as colored patches on the water surface due to chlorophyll in their cells and, in some species, accessory pigments (such as phycobiliproteins
Phytoplankton
Graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light
of light more effectively to complete their reactions. For example, chlorophyll is much more efficient at using the red and blue regions than the green
Action_spectrum
Process used by obligate anaerobes
predominantly uses chlorophyll, this type of photosynthesis uses the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) to utilize light as an energy source. A precursor to oxygenic
Anoxygenic_photosynthesis
Evolutionary theory
a symbiosis.) Schimper, A. F. W. (23 February 1883). "Ueber die Entwicklung der Chlorophyllkörner und Farbkörper" [On the development of chlorophyll granules
Symbiogenesis
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
living phytoplankton with chlorophyll pigments, and non-living particles like marine snow and mineral sediments. Chlorophyll can be measured by satellite
Ocean
Complex where conversion of light energy to chemical energy takes place
of a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre
Range of light usable for photosynthesis
of their pigments, they form colorful mats of green, red and purple. Chlorophyll, the most abundant plant pigment, is most efficient in capturing red
Photosynthetically active radiation
Photosynthetically_active_radiation
Species of bacterium
marina is a species of unicellular Cyanobacteria that produces chlorophyll d as its primary pigment (instead of the typically used chlorophyll a), allowing
Acaryochloris_marina
Alkane formed when phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, loses its hydroxyl group
Phytane is the isoprenoid alkane formed when phytol, a chemical substituent of chlorophyll, loses its hydroxyl group. When phytol loses one carbon atom
Phytane
Biological mechanism in plants and algae
light intensity. It involves the quenching of singlet excited state chlorophylls (Chl) via enhanced internal conversion to the ground state (non-radiative
Non-photochemical_quenching
Membrane-associated antenna complex
a few photons of light per chlorophyll per day. To achieve this, the bacteria contain chlorosome structures, which contain up to 250,000 chlorophyll molecules
Chlorosome
Chemical compound
Peridinin is a light-harvesting apocarotenoid, a pigment associated with chlorophyll and found in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PCP) light-harvesting
Peridinin
Reason for a change under natural selection; in physiology, what a system does
occurred in a system that evolved through natural selection. That reason is typically that it achieves some result, such as that chlorophyll helps to capture
Function_(biology)
Small bay partially within Newport, Oregon, United States
temperature. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations vary seasonally with ocean water import, particularly during summer upwelling. Variation of Chl a also depends
Yaquina_Bay
Endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid
in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants. 5-ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer. As a precursor of a photosensitizer, 5-ALA
Aminolevulinic_acid
German chemist (1872–1942)
August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel
Richard_Willstätter
Chemical compound
hydrogenated diterpene alcohol. It is naturally found in many plants as a result of chlorophyll degradation and is used by them to produce vitamin E and vitamin
Phytol
Chemical compound with formula MgSO4
magnesium (an essential plant nutrient because of the role of magnesium in chlorophyll and photosynthesis). The monohydrate is favored for this use; by the
Magnesium_sulfate
Measure of the ability of water to sustain biological productivity
predictor of biomass. Phosphorus may be a more accurate estimation of a water body's summer trophic status than chlorophyll if the measurements are made during
Trophic_state_index
Component of photosynthesis
P700, or photosystem I primary donor, is a molecular dimer of chlorophyll a associated with the reaction center of photosystem I in plants, algae, and
P700
Swirling and reverse current in a turbulent flow regime
with high surface chlorophyll and low surface chlorophyll, respectively. The presence of chlorophyll and higher levels of chlorophyll allows this region
Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)
Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family
Cistanche is a Eurasian and African genus of holoparasitic desert plants in the family Orobanchaceae. They lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients and water
Cistanche
Father of organic geochemistry (1899–1983)
chlorophylls. This discovery helped confirm the biological origin of petroleum, which was previously controversial. Treibs, A.E. (1936). "Chlorophyll-
Alfred_E._Treibs
Class of enzymes
reaction pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin 2 H+ + O2 red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidised ferredoxin Pheophorbide a oxygenase participates
Pheophorbide_a_oxygenase
Product used to mask odors
just mask them, by using chlorophyll. As early as 1953, scientists were questioning whether chlorophyll, at the time popular as a body deodorizer or for
Air_freshener
Linear tetrapyrrole compound class discovered in the degradation of chlorophylls in plants
breakdown of chlorophyll in plants. They are products of the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PAO/PB) pathway of natural chlorophyll breakdown, and
Phyllobilins
Class of enzymes
Chlorophyllide-a oxygenase (EC 1.14.13.122), chlorophyllide a oxygenase, chlorophyll-b synthase, CAO) is an enzyme with systematic name chlorophyllide-a:oxygen
Chlorophyllide-a_oxygenase
Kingdom of organisms
that they obtain their energy from sunlight by using the green pigment chlorophyll in their chloroplasts to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Plant
Class of enzymes
which spontaneously decarboxylates to pyropheophorbide a. The reaction is part of chlorophyll degradation during senescence. Enzyme 3.1.1.82 at KEGG Pathway
Pheophorbidase
causes a virulent epidemic among the American brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Archerina boltoni is remarkable for containing a pair of chlorophyll corpuscles
Proteomyxa
Chemical compound
protochlorophyllide, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a. It lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll and the reduced pyrrole in ring D. Protochlorophyllide
Protochlorophyllide
Phylogenetic group described in January 2024
oceans. A total of 55 obelisk sequences have been identified across all oceans and depths, with the highest abundances found at the deep chlorophyll maximum
Obelisk_(biology)
Freshly sprouted first leaves of the common wheat plant
longer and taller than wheat malt. Like most plants, wheatgrass contains chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals, vitamins and antioxidant enzymes. Claims about
Wheatgrass
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