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Exploitation of children through work
Child labour is any work children engage in that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically, socially and morally
Child_labour
Use of children in the production of cocoa beans
Child labour is a recurring issue in cocoa production. Ivory Coast and Ghana together produce nearly 60% of the world's cocoa each year. During the 2018/19
Child labour in cocoa production
Child_labour_in_cocoa_production
children in India are engaged in child labour. In 2011, the national census of India found the total number of child labourers (age 5–14) to be 10.12
Child_labour_in_India
school or unoccupied. Child labour brought down adult wages due to competition and brought no net benefit to working-class families. Child labourers never had
Child labour in the British Industrial Revolution
Child_labour_in_the_British_Industrial_Revolution
Child labour laws are statutes placing restrictions and regulations on the work of minors. Child labour increased during the Industrial Revolution due
Child_labour_law
incidents. In 2022, the International Labour Organization declared that Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labor and forced labor, with 99% of participants
Child_labour_in_Uzbekistan
Child labour in Switzerland was a fact in rural areas to the 1960s that was at least tolerated by the Swiss authorities referring to the so-called Verdingkinder
Child_labour_in_Switzerland
countries by child labour rate provides rankings of countries based on their rates of child labour. Child labour is defined by the International Labour Organization
List of countries by child labour rate
List_of_countries_by_child_labour_rate
Child labour refers to the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. In 2003, an International Labour Organization (ILO) survey reported
Child_labour_in_Cambodia
Form of human trafficking
"recruitment, transportation, harbouring, or receipt of a child" for the purpose of slavery, forced labour, and sexual exploitation. This definition is substantially
Child_Trafficking
Laws that govern the relationship between workers, employers, unions and governments
Robert Owen and prohibited child labour under nine years of age and limited the working hours to twelve. A great milestone in labour law was reached with the
Labour_law
The incidence of child labour in Nepal is relatively high compared with other countries in South Asia. According to the Nepal Labour Force Survey in 2008
Child_labour_in_Nepal
Specialized agency of the United Nations
collective bargaining, the elimination of forced or compulsory labour, the abolition of child labour, and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment
International Labour Organization
International_Labour_Organization
Child labour in Africa is generally defined based on two factors: type of work and minimum appropriate age of the work. If a child is involved in an activity
Child_labour_in_Africa
Child labour in the diamond industry is a widely reported and criticized issue on diamond industry for using child labour in diamond mines and polishing
Child labour in the diamond industry
Child_labour_in_the_diamond_industry
Child labour in Pakistan is the employment of children to work in Pakistan, which causes them mental, physical, moral and social harm. Child labour takes
Child_labour_in_Pakistan
children aged 5 to 17 in labour in Sindh, with roughly half engaged in hazardous work. SSDO recorded 895 reported cases of child labour in 2024. Domestic violence
Child_abuse_in_Pakistan
Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act-1986 provide a basis in law to identify, prosecute and stop child labour in India. Nevertheless, child labour
Labour_in_India
Female child labour in Nigeria refers to the high incidence in Nigeria of girls aged 5–14 who are involved in economic activities outside education and
Female child labour in Nigeria
Female_child_labour_in_Nigeria
Form of child sexual exploitation
consent is given. The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999, (Convention No 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO), describes it as
Child_prostitution
International Labour Organization Convention
the Worst Forms of Child Labour, known in short as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, was adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO)
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention
Indian government initiative
The National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme is as an initiative by the Ministry of Labour and Employment of India. The Government of India launched
National Child Labour Projects
National_Child_Labour_Projects
Child labour in Bangladesh is significant, with 4.7 million children aged 5 to 14 in the work force in 2002-03. Out of the child labourers engaged in the
Child_labour_in_Bangladesh
General for Children and Armed Conflict International Labour Organization, "Child labour and armed conflict" Podcast on child soldiers in the Middle East
Children_in_the_military
Human between birth and puberty
exploitation, trafficking, child labour and harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage". The Convention
Child
Child labour in Iraq has risen due to poverty, violence and forced displacement. Based on a 2016 report by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Child_labour_in_Iraq
Consequences of Child Labour in Iran) believes that the issue of children labour should be looked at from a multifaceted perspective. Child labour is generally
Child_labour_in_Iran
International observance, June 12
The World Day Against Child Labour is an International Labour Organization (ILO)-sanctioned holiday first launched in 2002 aiming to raise awareness and
World Day Against Child Labour
World_Day_Against_Child_Labour
Child labor existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution (1760-1830). Laws governing child labor in factories were first passed
Child labour in the Netherlands
Child_labour_in_the_Netherlands
Child labour in Namibia is not always reported. This involved cases of child prostitution as well as voluntary and forced agricultural labour, cattle
Child_labour_in_Namibia
Child labour is common in Tanzania with millions working. It is more common with girls rather than boys. Girls are commonly employed as domestic servants
Child_labour_in_Tanzania
dangerous conditions of being on the job. The overall extent of forced labour and child labour in China is also unclear in part because the government releases
Human_trafficking_in_China
administration have further marginalized children engaged in perilous child labor. Child labour for worldwide efforts History of childhood History of childhood
Child labor in the United States
Child_labor_in_the_United_States
include environments such as schools and baby factories. The practice of child labour also encourages such assault. Studies conducted in Nigeria have shown
Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria
Indian social campaigner (born 1954)
children in India from child labour, slavery and trafficking. In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the Global March against Child Labour, an 80,000 km (ca
Kailash_Satyarthi
Overview of the youths in India
education. Other persistent problems include child labour, malnutrition, street children, child marriage, and child trafficking. As per the Annual Status of
Youth_in_India
Thomas Carlyle notably labelled a "paradox of the highest proportions". Child labour in the British Industrial Revolution Economy, industry, and trade of
Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution
Life_in_Great_Britain_during_the_Industrial_Revolution
2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-03-11. Save the Children, Child labor in Vietnam. Retrieved from "Child Labour - Save the Children Vietnam". Archived from the original
Child_labour_in_Vietnam
Child labour in Nigeria is the employment of children under the age of 18 in a manner that restricts or prevents them from basic education and development
Child_labour_in_Nigeria
Bangladeshi government department
eliminating child labour in Bangladesh. The Child Labour Unit was established in 2009 under the Ministry of Labour and Employment to eliminate child labour in
Child_Labour_Unit
International treaty about the rights of children
Adultcentrism Cartoons for Children's Rights Child advocacy Child custody Child labour Child laundering Child survival revolution Children's rights Children's
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child
is child labour". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2013. "Making progress against child labour" (PDF). International Labour Organization
International_labour_law
Trade of humans for exploitation
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957
Human_trafficking
objective of the elimination of child labour, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction of child labour by 2020". A report later that year
Cocoa production in Ivory Coast
Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast
Structural and economic analysis of modern coercive labour in Africa
trafficking, debt bondage, forced marriage, child labour, and the recruitment and exploitation of child soldiers. In such conditions, individuals are
Slavery in contemporary Africa
Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa
There are significant levels of child labour in Lesotho. The 1997 Lesotho Labour Force Survey found that 4.6% of males who were working full-time, 14.1%
Child_labour_in_Lesotho
Swiss multinational food and drink company
September 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2012. "Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original
Nestlé
Workplace that has socially unacceptable working conditions
against child labour: Global estimates and trends 2000-2012 (PDF). Geneva: International Labor Office, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Sweatshop
global march against child labour came about in 1998, following the significant response concerning the desire to end child labour. It was a grassroot
Global march against child labor
Global_march_against_child_labor
Economic phenomenon
working conditions in coal mines. Benjamin Tucker Capital, Volume I Child labour Child sexual exploitation Contemporary slavery Corporate abuse Cost the
Exploitation_of_labour
Swiss-Belgian cocoa producer
September 2001, which included measures intended to end the worst forms of child labour and slavery in the cocoa industry by 2008. An evaluation by Tulane University
Barry_Callebaut
Maltreatment or neglect of a child
national legislation – Child Labour". International Labour Organisation. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. "Child Labour". Archived from the
Child_abuse
Activities performed to support one's needs
(2024-03-18). "Child Labor". Our World in Data. "The reason for the prevalence of child labour around the world". "Child Labour | International Labour Organization"
Work_(human_activity)
Protecting children from harm and neglect
International Labour Organization. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-23. "Child Labor Enforcement: Keeping Young Workers Safe". DOL. Retrieved 2026-03-18. "Child Labour and
Child_protection
Study investigating child labour in Iran
investigating child labour in Iran. The book was published by Avaye Buf in Persian and Kurdish languages in 2021, coinciding with World Child labour Day on June
Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood
Traces_of_Exploitation_in_the_World_of_Childhood
1986 Indian law
The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 is a Law enacted on 23 December 1986 by the Parliament of India and Ministry of
Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
Child_and_Adolescent_Labour_(Prohibition_and_Regulation)_Act,_1986
Work that employs people against their will
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with
Forced_labour
Economic and political movement seeking to advance workers
living wage, the elimination of child labour, the rights of labour to organise, and the duty of the state to regulate labour conditions. Throughout the world
Labour_movement
Child labour in Botswana is defined as the exploitation of children through any form of work which is harmful to their physical, mental, social and moral
Child_labour_in_Botswana
lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes. Burkina Faso produced in 2018: 1.9 million tons of sorghum; 1.7
Economy_of_Burkina_Faso
Group promoting a living income for farmers
Fairtrade certified plantations must also ensure that there is no forced or child labour and that health and safety requirements are met. In a hired labor situation
Fairtrade_International
and Child Labour Eradication Foundation (WOTCLEF) is an anti-human trafficking organization that attempts to stop human trafficking and child labour in
Women Trafficking and Child Labour Eradication Foundation
Women_Trafficking_and_Child_Labour_Eradication_Foundation
of child labour in Bangladesh, there has been an increase in legislation against child labour. Bangladesh has ratified, the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour
Youth_in_Bangladesh
British-Iranian social anthropologist
with a particular focus on gender, children, ethnic minorities, and child labour. Ahmady, born in 1972 in Naghadeh, West Azerbaijan Province, is a researcher
Kameel_Ahmady
Government ministry of India
relating to special target groups such as women and child labour Industrial relations and enforcement of labour laws in the Central sphere Adjudication of industrial
Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)
Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)
Laws regulating labour in India
unions". Article 23 prohibits all trafficking and forced labour, while article 24 prohibits child labour under 14 years old in a factory, mine or "any other
Labour_laws_in_India
address child trafficking. Child labour in India Human trafficking in India Human trafficking in Nepal International child abduction Odisha State Child Protection
Child_trafficking_in_India
Form of child labour in India
Sumangali is a form of child labour which, although forbidden, is practised in India, particularly the textile industry in Tamil Nadu. It is likened to
Sumangali_(child_labour)
Pakistani activist (1983–1995)
Pakistani child labourer and activist who was a member of the Bonded Labour Liberation Front (BLLF) in Pakistan, campaigning against abusive child labour in
Iqbal_Masih
Swedish clothing retail company
continuing its association with the Uzbek government in exploiting child and adult forced labour as cotton harvesters in Uzbekistan. In September 2020, amid
H&M
Abuse of children in schools
in various regions. Several cases of violent corporal punishment, child labour, child sexual abuse and physical abuse have been documented of children
Child abuse in Quranic schools
Child_abuse_in_Quranic_schools
"Child Labour in Cambodia-A New Direction". International Labour Organization. 2010-06-10. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011. "Cambodia's Culture of Child Labour"
Economy_of_Cambodia
Dutch chocolate brand
as an advertising campaign and to raise awareness around the use of child labour by major suppliers in the cocoa industry. After being sued by Milka manufacturer
Tony's_Chocolonely
children: assessing child labour and education challenges. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office. Guidelines
Child work in Indigenous American cultures
Child_work_in_Indigenous_American_cultures
Accepted behaviour and norms in the Victorian era
the bans on trading and holding slaves were tightened and enforced, child labour was ended in British factories, male homosexuality was made illegal and
Victorian_morality
British naval history
Chelsea. Until the child labour laws of the late 19th century, poor children started work as soon as they were able. Child labour was considered both
Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries
Royal_Navy_ranks,_rates,_and_uniforms_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries
Agreement to combat use of child labor in the football-making industry
Show in Atlanta, United States. Its goal was to combat high rates of child labour in the Pakistani football making industry. The goal of the agreement
Atlanta_Agreement
A Child Labour Programme of Action, sometimes called a Child Labour Action Programme or Action Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (APEC) is
Child Labour Programme of Action
Child_Labour_Programme_of_Action
Problem in demographic economics
children to help them, with labour such as agricultural work, tending to livestock, or even paid work. In such countries child labour is quite common, with
Sub-replacement_fertility
(2006). "The Limits on Pro-poor Agricultural Trade in Guatemala: Land, Labour and Political Power". Journal of Human Development. 7 (1): 111–135. doi:10
Economy_of_Guatemala
Form of child sexual abuse
against children, and amounts to forced labour and a contemporary form of slavery. CSEC is often associated with child trafficking, which is defined as "the
Commercial sexual exploitation of children
Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children
British political party
The Labour Party, commonly Labour, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It sits on the centre-left of the left–right political spectrum, and has
Labour_Party_(UK)
Forced, unpaid labor of children (minors)
"40 million in modern slavery and 152 million in child labour around the world | International Labour Organization". www.ilo.org. 2017-09-19. Retrieved
Child_slavery
widespread use of child labour in Pakistan. Along with other countries in the South Asia, Pakistan extensively exports much of its labour to nearby Persian
Labour_in_Pakistan
International Labour Organization conventions on behalf of the Federal Republic of Somalia, including the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. In
Human_rights_in_Somalia
Australian football manufacturer
brands, Sherrin and Canterbury, have operations in India that use banned child labour." The children took an hour to make one AFL ball and were paid 7 rupees
Sherrin
Period of social and economic change from agrarian to industrial society
household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of child labour and thereafter education systems. As the Industrial Revolution was a
Industrialisation
1760–1840 agrarian to industrial era shift
was new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial
Industrial_Revolution
2023 Pakistani Urdu language film
thriller film inspired by the true story of a child labour activist Iqbal Masih, who campaigned against child labour in the 1990s before his murder. The film
Gunjal
Independent, small-scale, subsistence mining
Child Labour, a program of the International Labour Organization (ILO), includes a sector of activity in "Mining and Quarrying". It notes that child labour
Artisanal_mining
Ownership of people as property
is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regard to their labour. It is an economic phenomenon and its history resides in economic history
Slavery
interference. In 1856, the law permitted child labour past age 9 for 60 hours per week. In 1901, the permissible child labour age was raised to 12. The modern
History_of_childhood
across the West African country. The most common forms of crime include child labour, arms trafficking, terrorism and human rights abuse. Other less common
Crime_in_Ivory_Coast
City in Tamil Nadu, India
National Child Labour project estimated child labour in Sivakasi matchbox making industries to be 14,121 children. The estimates indicated 80% of the child labour
Sivakasi
need for sustained reforms in both educational access and labour regulations. Child labour is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty. Since the 1990s
Economy_of_India
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990. Bolivia has also ratified the International Labour Organization’s Minimum Age Convention, 1973
Child_labor_in_Bolivia
Type of forced labour performed by prisoners
Penal labour or prison labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may
Penal_labour
demand, more intensive farming of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labour. The government shifted responsibility for crop transport to the private
Cocoa_production_in_Ghana
Nestlé controversial business practices
Since the 1970s, Nestlé has faced criticism for: forced labour modern slavery child labour incidents of contaminated and infested food products deliberately
Controversies_of_Nestlé
Consensual or punitive unpaid labor
shifting the upkeep of the child to the contract holder but also giving the contract holder the benefit of the child's labour. Through its introduction
Indentured_servitude
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