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Movement of the active site on one growing polymer chain to another molecule
chemistry, a chain transfer reaction is an event during a polymerization reaction by which the activity of a growing polymer chain is transferred to another
Chain_transfer
degenerative chain transfer (also called degenerate chain transfer) Chain-transfer reaction that generates a new chain carrier and a new chain-transfer agent
Degenerative_chain_transfer
Polymerization mechanism
dead polymer Chain transfer: The active species is transferred to another molecule, e.g. solvent, polymeric chain, monomer, etc via transfer of a group
Chain-growth_polymerization
Chemical process
Catalytic chain transfer (CCT) is a process that can be incorporated into radical polymerization to obtain greater control over the resulting products
Catalytic_chain_transfer
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
chain transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible deactivation radical polymerization. It makes use of a chain transfer agent
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Type of chain polymerization
polymerizations, but cannot be categorized as such as they are not without chain transfer or chain termination reactions. Several different names have been used in
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
Effects of chain transfer: The most obvious effect of chain transfer is a decrease in the polymer chain length. If the rate of transfer is much larger
Radical_polymerization
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
initiator-coinitiator complex. Chain transfer can take place in two ways. One method of chain transfer is hydrogen abstraction from the active chain end to the counterion
Cationic_polymerization
Reaction in polymer chemistry
reactions. CW can be also considered as a specific case of intermolecular chain transfer (analogous to radical ethene polymerization). This reaction gives rise
Chain_walking
cobalt radical, (catalytic) chain transfer is also limited and the RP reaction becomes close to ‘living’. Catalytic chain transfer enables the synthesis of
Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization
Cobalt-mediated_radical_polymerization
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger than the rate of chain propagation
Living_polymerization
Average number of monomers added during chain-growth polymerization
forming one polymeric chain. With no chain transfer, the average degree of polymerization is then twice the average kinetic chain length D P n = 2 ν {\displaystyle
Kinetic_chain_length
Energy-producing metabolic pathway
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors
Electron_transport_chain
Some important aspects of these are compared in the table: Catalytic chain transfer polymerization is not a strictly living form of polymerization. Yet
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Type of chain polymerization
are group-transfer polymerization, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible-deactivation polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_polymerization
Formation of a thioether (–S–) compound from a thiol (–SH) and an alkene ( >C=C< )
via an anti-Markovnikov addition to form a carbon-centered radical. A chain-transfer step removes a hydrogen radical from a thiol, which can subsequently
Thiol-ene_reaction
Ability of some chain polymerization reactions to halt themselves
polymerization, termination can occur via halide addition, β-elimination, or chain transfer. There are no such termination mechanisms for anionic polymerization
Chain_termination
Series of connected links which are typically made of metal
clevis. The load can be transferred from one chain to another object by a chain stopper. Uses for chains include: Belly chain, a type of body jewelry
Chain
Method of industrial polymerization
susceptible to chain transfer in radical polymerization. Intensity of chain transfer for different compounds may be quantified by use of chain transfer constants
Solution_polymerization
Self-amplifying chain of events
Particular cases are: chain branching (a propagation step where one active particle enters the step and two or more are formed); chain transfer (a propagation
Chain_reaction
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
terminating agent or the chain transfer agent used. Graft copolymers are generated by attaching chains of one monomer to the main chain of another polymer;
End_group
Molecule composed of copies of a small unit
Telomerization is an oligomerization carried out under conditions that result in chain transfer, limiting the size of the oligomers. (This concept is not to be confused
Oligomer
Chemical compound
polymerizations. It is used as an initiator in reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). When heated to decomposition, c. 70 °C, it releases
4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid)
4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic_acid)
Drivetrain used in four-wheel drive vehicles
[citation needed] Chain-driven transfer cases use a chain to drive most often only one axle but can drive both axles. Chain-driven transfer cases are quieter
Transfer_case
Chronological legal documentation process
Chain of custody (CoC), in legal contexts, is the chronological documentation or paper trail that records the sequence of custody, control, transfer, analysis
Chain_of_custody
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
_{\begin{matrix}{\text{X transfer in}}\\{\text{activator}}\\{\text{regeneration}}\end{matrix}}} High level retention of chain end functionality is typically
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
polymerization of the same monomer; subsequent propagation, termination, and chain-transfer steps are unchanged. In step-growth photopolymerization, absorption
Polymerization
Roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle
bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made
Bicycle_chain
Chemical compound
primarily of four reactions: chain initiation, chain growth, chain transfer, and chain termination. Specifically, chain growth is responsible for the
Ethylene-vinyl_acetate
Aspect of ecosystems
depict interconnecting pathways of consumption and energy transfer.[citation needed] Food chain models typically predict that communities are controlled
Food_chain
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
high conversion of monomer to polymer. This can result in significant chain transfer to polymer. Can not be used for condensation, ionic, or Ziegler-Natta
Emulsion_polymerization
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
radicals recombine, or a radical is transferred to another molecule, terminating the growth of the polymer chain. Chain transfer and inhibition: Other reactions
Polyacrylic_acid
Chemical compound
organic chemicals. In the manufacture of polymers, it is used as a chain transfer agent. As an antioxidant, it is used as an additive in lubricants. Thiodiglycol
Thiodiglycol
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
both sides. Gridnev, Alexei A.; Ittel, Steven D. (2001). "Catalytic Chain Transfer in Free-Radical Polymerizations". Chemical Reviews. 101 (12): 3611–3660
Radical_(chemistry)
Number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or polymer
reasons: chain termination may occur wholly or partly by recombination of two chain radicals, which doubles the degree of polymerization chain transfer to monomer
Degree_of_polymerization
Cryptocurrency
that delivers standardized token data such as balances, transfers, and metadata across chains, with no indexing required. The Graph ecosystem supports
The_Graph
Topics referred to by the same term
Cryptologic technician administrative Cellulose triacetate Chain transfer agent Charge transfer amplifier Cherenkov Telescope Array, a project to build a
CTA
promote peroxidation. In this process, thiyl radicals act as chain transfer catalysts by transferring the unpaired electron to a new lipid, thereby. Other substrates
Thiyl_radical
and propagation while minimizing side-reactions termination and chain transfer. Transfer and termination do occur but in ideal living systems the active
Living cationic polymerization
Living_cationic_polymerization
dehydrogenase, long-chain-acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase, ACADL (gene).) is an enzyme with systematic name long-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein
Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Long-chain_acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase
Chemical compound
Heatley, Frank; Lovell, Peter A.; Yamashita, Tsuyoshi (2001-10-01). "Chain Transfer to Polymer in Free-Radical Solution Polymerization of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate
2-Ethylhexyl_acrylate
Management of the flow of goods and services
the productivity of a supply chain and, ideally, to enhance its productivity. Supply chain consulting involves the transfer of knowledge on how to exploit
Supply_chain_management
Type of polymer degradation
monomers cannot be a product of this reaction, also intermolecular chain transfer and disproportion termination reactions can occur. CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2'→
Thermal degradation of polymers
Thermal_degradation_of_polymers
Form of addition polymerization initiated with anions
addition of monomer to an alkyl lithium initiator occurred without chain transfer or termination. Twenty years later, living polymerization was demonstrated
Anionic addition polymerization
Anionic_addition_polymerization
medium-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction a medium-chain acyl-CoA
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Medium-chain_acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase
Indian chemist (1922-1992)
Model of Robert S. Mulliken. His article, Degree of Polymerization and Chain Transfer in Methyl Methacrylate, co-authored with Jyotirindra Nath Sen and Santi
Sadhan_Basu
Type of river craft
engine amidships. The transfer of power from the steam engine to the chain was usually achieved using a drum winch. From there the chain was led over the deck
Chain_boat
Protein-coding gene in humans
electrons via ubiquinone to complex III in the respiratory chain. The flavoenzymes that transfer electrons to ETF are involved in fatty acid beta oxidation
ETFB
Organic reaction
appeared in 1949, part of Kharasch's studies on peroxide effects. Because chain transfer occurs very slowly, the radical reaction required a very large excess
Hydroacylation
Catalyst transfer polymerization (CTP), or catalyst transfer polycondensation, is a type of living chain-growth polymerization that is used for synthesizing
Catalyst transfer polymerization
Catalyst_transfer_polymerization
Sealed roller chain
The X-ring chain is a specialized type of sealed roller chain used to transfer mechanical power. Like the standard O-ring chains it is also used in high-performance
X-ring_chain
Polymers with polar and nonpolar functionalities
the use of a borane chain transfer agent, which results in an end functionalized polymer chain. One advantage of this chain transfer process is the limited
Functionalized_polyolefins
video frame transfer ratio. Thus a standard two-bladed shutter can be used. See frame rate differences for more information. A film chain usually used
Film_chain
Area for development of industry
promote export-led industrialisation, integration in the global value chains, transfer of technical knowledge, and the generation of jobs . They help to greatly
Industrial_park
Chemical compound
functionalized using chain transfer agents using a free radical polymerization. The three schemes below demonstrate functionalization using chain transfer agents (CTA)
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Synthetic rubber polymer
typically charged with the two monomers, a free radical generator, and a chain transfer agent such as an alkyl mercaptan. Radical initiators include potassium
Styrene-butadiene
Class of enzymes
dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include kinase, BCK, BCKD kinase, BCODH kinase, branched-chain alpha-ketoacid
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate_dehydrogenase_(acetyl-transferring)_kinase
Cryptocurrency and Ethereum token
network is intended to be used to facilitate the transfer of tamper-proof data from off-chain sources to on-chain smart contracts. Chainlink was created in 2017
Chainlink_(blockchain_oracle)
Type of business industry usually conducted over the internet
draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic
E-commerce
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers, and eventually long-chain polymers. Many naturally occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced
Step-growth_polymerization
Most common thermoplastic polymer
numerous short chain branches as well as long chain branches are formed. Short chain branches are formed by intramolecular chain transfer reactions, they
Polyethylene
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
polymerization techniques, such as atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), ring-opening metathesis
Copolymer
American restaurant chain
Hooters is the registered trademark used by an international restaurant chain Hooters, Inc., based in Clearwater, Florida and its associated franchise
Hooters
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
beneficial since amines are also effective chain transfer species. Chain-transfer processes reduce the chain length and ultimately the crosslink density
Photopolymer
in GNU Fortran. OS/360 and successors use the XCTL (for "transfer control") macro for chain loading. Because of the operating system's memory management
Chain_loading
Use of spectroscopy to investigate and solve problems
used to quantify chain transfer agents that are used in RAFT and determine Mn of the polymer of interest, that is if the chain transfer agent absorbs in
Applied_spectroscopy
Chemical compound
Cl3CCO2K + Br2 → CBrCl3 + CO2 + KBr Bromotrichloromethane is used as a chain transfer agent for the radical polymerization of methacrylates and as a brominating
Bromotrichloromethane
American chemist
He led and contributed to DuPont’s technology for cobalt-catalyzed chain transfer in acrylic radical polymerization. The resulting macromonomers are utilized
Steven_Ittel
American energy pipeline company
Energy Transfer LP is an American company engaged in the pipeline transportation, storage, and terminaling for natural gas, crude oil, natural gas liquids
Energy_Transfer
Chemical compound
formulation of extreme pressure lubricants. It has also been used as a chain transfer agent in the emulsion polymerization of propylene–tetrafluoroethylene
Hexachloroethane
Chemical compound
1978.170161004. Dillman, Brian; Jessop, Julie L. P. (2013-05-01). "Chain transfer agents in cationic photopolymerization of a bis-cycloaliphatic epoxide
3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate
3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane_carboxylate
Topics referred to by the same term
ideas to teachers RAFT (chemistry), reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer Lipid raft, a cholesterol-enriched microdomain in cell membranes Raft
Raft_(disambiguation)
transfer chains, both of which are capable of transferring to C* and thus producing the output of an OR gate. Therefore, if either electron transfer chain
Photochemical_logic_gate
Molecule which creates reactive species when exposed to radiation
polymerization. The second set of radicals forms through abstraction or chain transfer, further driving the reaction. Radical initiator vanLoon, pp. 52–53
Photoinitiator
Class of enzymes
name short-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction a short-chain acyl-CoA
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Short-chain_acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase
Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.8.9, ACADVL (gene).) is an enzyme with systematic name very-long-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein
Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Very-long-chain_acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase
Class of enzymes
2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.8.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA + electron transfer flavoprotein
2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase
2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA_reductase
Runaway polymerization reaction
propagation kt is the rate constant for chain transfer f is the fraction of initiators which initiate chain growth Approximately, as the termination
Autoacceleration
Chemical compound
at Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium and -hafnium Centers: Chain-Transfer Mechanisms". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 114 (3): 1025–1032
Decamethylzirconocene dichloride
Decamethylzirconocene_dichloride
Virgil (11 November 2009). "Single-Electron Transfer and Single-Electron Transfer Degenerative Chain Transfer Living Radical Polymerization". Chemical Reviews
Copper-based reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Copper-based_reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
American convenience store chain
APlus (or A-Plus) is an American convenience store chain owned and operated by Energy Transfer Partners, with some stores currently owned by Seven & I
A-Plus_(store)
Chemical compound
synthesis of PVA by the addition of a xanthate or a dithiocarbamate chain transfer agent. Vinyl acetate is useful in organic synthesis. Vinyl acetate undergoes
Vinyl_acetate
Lebanese-French chemist
contributed to the development of the reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization method. He currently serves on the editorial board of
Samir_Zard
Chemical compound
polymerization, it finds use as a radical polymerization inhibitor, chain transfer agent, reforming agent, and additive for photoinitiators. The compound
Mercaptobenzothiazole
the reactive centre, (ii) a low tendency of the bulk polymer chain to undergo chain transfer reactions. CGC derived polymers are currently marketed by The
Constrained_geometry_complex
of simultaneously occurring and competing reactions such as redox, chain transfer, and disproportionation. Typical examples are: Interaction between hydrogen
Polythionic_acid
Metabolic pathway
electron transport chain and the ATP synthase are embedded in a membrane, and energy is transferred from the electron transport chain to the ATP synthase
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state electron transfer process by which an excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor.
Photoinduced electron transfer
Photoinduced_electron_transfer
Way of transmitting mechanical power
latter which acted as a large gear. Most chain drive systems use teeth to transfer motion between the chain and the rollers. This results in lower frictional
Chain_drive
Copolymer in which the transition between different types of monomer is gradual
common CRP methods including atom transfer radical polymerization and Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization as well as other living
Gradient_copolymer
Organic chemical transformations
methods avoid this problem by incorporating the chain-transfer reagent into the substrate itself—the active chain-carrying radical is not released until after
Radical_cyclization
American chemist (1910–1985)
number of chains present decreased with size exponentially. In addition polymerization, he introduced the important concept of chain transfer to improve
Paul_Flory
Group of prisoners chained together
A chain gang or road gang is a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial or physically challenging work as a form of punishment. Such punishment
Chain_gang
Persisting, adapting or transforming a supply chain
supply chain risk management has attempted to transfer traditional risk management approaches from the "company" system to the "supply chain" system
Supply_chain_resilience
for their work in co-developing the reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) process. The three had shared the ATSE Clunies-Ross
San_Thang
American 3-ton truck
Cotta three-speed constant-mesh gearbox through a single speed silent chain transfer case with a lockable center differential. Braking was provided through
FWD_Model_B
Polymeric arrays of repeating units connected by non-covalent bonds
and propagation, while and in some cases termination and chain transfer phases also occur. Chain-growth supramolecular polymerization in a broad sense involves
Supramolecular_polymer
Medieval Christian hierarchy of living beings
The great chain of being (from Latin scala naturae 'ladder of being') is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by the medieval Islamic
Great_chain_of_being
Chemical reaction run in a continuous stream
continuous flow process. For example, Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer or RAFT polymerization. Continuous flow techniques have also been used
Flow_chemistry
Italian-Australian chemist
radical polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). He is named as co-inventor on more than 40 patents
Ezio_Rizzardo
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