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Approach to quantum gravity using discrete spacetime
The causal sets program is an approach to quantum gravity. Its founding principles are that spacetime is fundamentally discrete (a collection of discrete
Causal_sets
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
mechanics accepts the linear causal sets of sequential events with adequate consistency yet also suggests constant forking of causal chains that can in principle
Determinism
Physics of the cause–effect relation
Sorkin proposed the idea of Causal Set Theory, which is a fundamentally discrete approach to quantum gravity. The causal structure of the spacetime is
Causality_(physics)
Hypothetical approach to quantum gravity with emergent spacetime
related to causal dynamical triangulation is called causal sets. Both CDT and causal sets attempt to model the spacetime with a discrete causal structure
Causal dynamical triangulation
Causal_dynamical_triangulation
Causal relationships between points in a manifold
In mathematical physics, the causal structure of a Lorentzian manifold describes the possible causal relationships between points in the manifold. Lorentzian
Causal_structure
Hypothetical physical concept
theory. An intellect which at a certain moment would know all forces that set nature in motion, and all positions of all items of which nature is composed
Theory_of_everything
Contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Gravitational_collapse
Field theory in physics that aims to unify the fundamental forces and particles
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Unified_field_theory
British physicist
Fay Dowker, Perimeter Institute Dowker, Fay (2013). "Introduction to causal sets and their phenomenology". General Relativity and Gravitation. 45 (9):
Fay_Dowker
How one process influences another
accessible sets of variables worthy of measurement. While derivations in causal calculus rely on the structure of the causal graph, parts of the causal structure
Causality
Attraction of masses and energy
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Gravity
Theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Entropic_gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Gravity_filtration
Field in statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect
causality or causal discovery is the use of statistical algorithms to infer associations in observed data sets that are potentially causal under strict
Exploratory_causal_analysis
Description of gravity using discrete values
Euclidean quantum gravity Integral method Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal Set Theory Covariant Feynman path integral approach
Quantum_gravity
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
Path Integral approach and Regge calculus, dynamical triangulations, causal sets, twistor models or the path integral based models of quantum cosmology
General_relativity
Classical statement of gravity as force
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Theory extending Einstein gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Quadratic_gravity
Greek physicist (born 1971)
Store. In her interdisciplinary paper "The Internal Description of a Causal Set: What the Universe Looks Like from the Inside", Markopoulou instantiates
Fotini_Markopoulou-Kalamara
Unified field theory
field is a source for the scalar field. Note that the scalar field cannot be set to a constant without constraining the electromagnetic field. The earlier
Kaluza–Klein_theory
Attempt to find a consistent theory of quantum gravity
term is also used). Physics portal Asymptotic freedom Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets Critical phenomena Euclidean quantum gravity Fractal cosmology
Asymptotic_safety
Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Gauss's_law_for_gravity
American physicist
Society. He is best known as the initiator and main proponent of the causal sets approach to quantum gravity. He is also known for introducing entanglement
Rafael_Sorkin
Concept in cosmology
origin of the cosmological constant problem is traced back to unphysical non-causal terms in the standard calculation, which lead to an erroneously large value
Cosmological_constant_problem
Theory of quantum gravity
distances. The theory relies on the theory of foliations to produce its causal structure. It is related to topologically massive gravity and the Cotton
Hořava–Lifshitz_gravity
Modern theory of gravitation that combines supersymmetry and general relativity
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
Supergravity
Portuguese cosmologist and research scientist
of time. Cortês has contributed to the development of the Energetic Causal Sets framework, a proposal for understanding the emergence of spacetime and
Marina_Cortês
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Chasles'_theorem_(gravity)
Development of artificial intelligence
Causal AI is a technique in artificial intelligence that builds a causal model and can thereby make inferences using causality rather than just correlation
Causal_AI
Candidate unified theory of physics
The theory of causal fermion systems is an approach to describe fundamental physics. It provides a unification of the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic
Causal_fermion_systems
Analogies between Maxwell's and Einstein's field equations
minor-axis spin. When both rotations are applied simultaneously, these two sets of reaction forces can be said to occur at different depths in a radial Coriolis
Gravitoelectromagnetism
Idea in quantum gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Induced_gravity
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
Markopoulou-Kalamara et al.) Furthermore, LQG has drawn philosophical comparisons with causal dynamical triangulation and asymptotically safe gravity, and the spinfoam
Loop_quantum_gravity
interest and that reflection on these sets could improve epidemiological study design. A set of proposed causal mechanisms are represented as pie charts
Causal_pie_model
Gravity theories that are invariant under Weyl transformations
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Conformal_gravity
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Graviton
Physics theory
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Rainbow_gravity_theory
Physical theory with matter as quantum fields but gravity as a classical field
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Semiclassical_gravity
Topics referred to by the same term
Causal theory may refer to: Causal decision theory of evaluating the expected utility of an action Causal sets theory, an approach to quantum physics Causal
Causal_theory
Theory proposed by Roger Penrose
supercurvature along super null lines (super ambitwistors) implied the full set of field equations, including those for the fermionic fields. This was subsequently
Twistor_theory
Quantum field theory with a Lie group base manifold
giving a path integral formulation of quantum spacetime. Shape dynamics Causal Sets Fractal cosmology Loop quantum gravity Planck scale Quantum gravity Regge
Group_field_theory
Scientific device
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Air_track
Comprehensive physical model
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
Grand_Unified_Theory
Tensor field in Riemannian geometry
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Riemann_curvature_tensor
Classical theory of gravitation
within the framework of Riemannian geometry, which does not; an additional set of equations are posed that relate torsion to spin. This difference can be
Einstein–Cartan_theory
Branch of statistics
Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main
Causal_inference
Kinetic theory of gravity
Applicata, 3: 137–159 Buonomano, V.; Engel, E. (1976), "Some speculations on a causal unification of relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics", Int. J.
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
Approach to quantum gravity utilizing Wick rotations
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Euclidean_quantum_gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity
Bi-scalar_tensor_vector_gravity
Attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena in terms of geometry
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Geometrodynamics
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Scalar theories of gravitation
Scalar_theories_of_gravitation
Violation of charge-parity symmetry in particle physics and cosmology
immediately obvious, but can be seen as follows. Consider any given particles (or sets of particles) a {\displaystyle \ a\ } and b , {\displaystyle \ b\
CP_violation
Structure from which the geometry of the universe arises
fluctuations. Causal sets by Bombelli, Lee, Meyer and Sorkin All of spacetime at very small scales is a causal set consisting of locally finite set of elements
Pregeometry_(physics)
Model of gravity with dilation
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Jackiw–Teitelboim_gravity
Concept in physics
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory
Formulation of general relativity
functions N → ( x ) {\displaystyle {\vec {N}}(x)} to give an equivalent set of smeared spatial diffeomorphism constraints, C ( N → ) = ∫ d 3 x C a (
Canonical_quantum_gravity
General relativity in 2+1 dimensions
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
(2+1)-dimensional_topological_gravity
Proposed model of gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
DGP_model
Unsolved problem in physics
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
Hierarchy_problem
Directed graph with no directed cycles
past, and thus we have no causal loops. An example of this type of directed acyclic graph are those encountered in the causal set approach to quantum gravity
Directed_acyclic_graph
Theories trying to extend known physics
as Lisa Randall. Unified Gravity treats gravity as a gauge field from a set of compact U(1) symmetries in an extended spinor space. This allows creating
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model
Mathematical set with an ordering
kind of order is meant. In particular, totally ordered sets can also be referred to as "ordered sets", especially in areas where these structures are more
Partially_ordered_set
predictions of General Relativity. Fay Dowker: physicist working on causal sets as well as the interpretation of quantum mechanics. David Finkelstein:
List of quantum gravity researchers
List_of_quantum_gravity_researchers
Conceptual model in philosophy of science
a causal model (also called a structural causal model) is a conceptual model that represents the causal mechanisms of a system.[page needed] Causal models
Causal_model
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
experiment and the UA2 experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron. LEP later set very strong limits, which in 2006 were extended by the D0 experiment at the
Supersymmetry
Japanese neutrino observatory
photoelectron trajectories and timing in the PMTs. To counteract this 26 sets of horizontal and vertical Helmholtz coils are arranged around the inner
Super-Kamiokande
Philosophical argument
for discrete spaces. Digital physics Discrete calculus Taxicab metric Causal sets Poisson point process Natura non facit saltus Weyl, Hermann (1949). Philosophy
Weyl's_tile_argument
Comformal theory of gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity
Hoyle–Narlikar_theory_of_gravity
Theoretical framework
a causal model (also called a structural causal model) is a conceptual model that represents the causal mechanisms of a system.[page needed] Causal models
Conceptual_model
Theory of fundamental physics
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
Modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat
, − , − ] {\displaystyle [+,-,-,-]} will be used; the speed of light is set to c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , and we are using the following definition
Scalar–tensor–vector_gravity
Visualization of variable interrelationships
A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that visualizes how different variables in a system are causally interrelated. The diagram consists of
Causal_loop_diagram
Early attempts to explain gravity
Applicata, 3: 137–159 Buonomano, V. & Engel, E. (1976), "Some speculations on a causal unification of relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics", Int. J.
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
Phenomenon in which a neutrino changes lepton flavor as it travels
weak spring (a spring with a small spring constant). The first pendulum is set in motion by the experimenter while the second begins at rest. Over time
Neutrino_oscillation
Nonpertubative field theoretic approach to quantum gravity
properties. For this reason it is possible that — assuming a particular set of couplings has been measured in an experiment — the requirement of asymptotic
Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity
Physics_applications_of_asymptotically_safe_gravity
Classifications of Lorentzian manifolds
conditions are classifications of Lorentzian manifolds according to the types of causal structures they admit. In the study of spacetimes, there exists a hierarchy
Causality_conditions
Topics referred to by the same term
Causality (physics) Causal sets Causal dynamical triangulation Causal filter Causal perturbation theory Causal system Causality loop Causal structure Causality
Causality_(disambiguation)
Proposed theories of gravity
rather than ad hoc set of tests for evaluating alternative gravitation models began with Eddington in 1922 and resulted in a standard set of Parametric post-Newtonian
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
Aspect of theoretical physics
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Twistor_string_theory
Relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's MOND paradigm
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Tensor–vector–scalar_gravity
1922 theory, now obsolete
involves the Minkowski metric, which is used to determine which events are causally related and to calculate how gravitational influences are delayed by distance
Whitehead's theory of gravitation
Whitehead's_theory_of_gravitation
Theory of gravity
cosmological constant and must be small. The next coefficient a1 can be set to one as in general relativity. For metric f(R) gravity (as opposed to Palatini
F(R)_gravity
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
a relativistic generalization of MOND, TeVeS, which however had its own set of problems. Another notable attempt was by Constantinos Skordis [wd] and
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Geometric algebra approach to gravity
position-gauge field in a manner similar to tetrads. In the tetrad formalism, a set of four vectors { e ( a ) μ } {\displaystyle \{{e_{(a)}}^{\mu }\}} are introduced
Gauge_theory_gravity
Theory of gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Gauss–Bonnet_gravity
Theories of higher-dimensional general relativity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity
Higher-dimensional_Einstein_gravity
Toy model of general relativity
which are entirely different models. The matter field only couples to the causal structure, and in the light-cone gauge ds2 = − e2ρ du,dv, has the simple
CGHS_model
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
Lovelock_theory_of_gravity
Theory of gravity
equation Loop quantum gravity Spin foam Causal dynamical triangulation Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity Causal sets DGP model Rainbow gravity theory
AQUAL
Open question in particle physics
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
Neutrino_mass_hierarchy
Topological structure in loop quantum gravity
_{f}A_{f}(j_{f})\prod _{e}A_{e}(j_{f},i_{e})\prod _{v}A_{v}(j_{f},i_{e})\right]} with: a set of 2-complexes Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } each consisting out of faces f {\displaystyle
Spin_foam
Bias in causal inference
In causal inference, confounding is a form of systematic error (or bias) that can distort estimates of causal effects in observational studies. A confounder
Confounding
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
frequency data are unduly given causal interpretations. The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed
Simpson's_paradox
Attempts to develop a quantum mechanical theory of cosmology
with loop quantum cosmology, loop quantum gravity, string theory and causal set theory. In quantum cosmology, the universe is treated as a wave function
Quantum_cosmology
magnetic faculty is another example of this sort).... If two stones were set near one another in some place in the world outside the sphere of influence
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
Directed graph that models causal relationships between variables
epidemiology, genetics and related disciplines, causal graphs (also known as path diagrams, causal Bayesian networks or DAGs) are probabilistic graphical
Causal_graph
Theory of gravity
of a tetrad field, i.e., a set {X1, X2, X3, X4} of four vector fields defined on all of M such that for every p ∈ M the set {X1(p), X2(p), X3(p), X4(p)}
Teleparallelism
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
that h μ ν {\displaystyle h_{\mu \nu }} be defined in terms of a general set of diffeomorphisms, then select the subset of these that preserve the small
Linearized_gravity
Field of statistics
causality" or "causal discovery" is the use of statistical algorithms to infer associations in observed data sets that are potentially causal under strict
Causal_analysis
Condensed matter physics model involving only closed loops
Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity
String-net_liquid
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