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Method of chemical analysis
Bulk electrolysis is also known as potentiostatic coulometry or controlled potential coulometry. The experiment is a form of coulometry which generally
Bulk_electrolysis
Analytical method in electrochemistry
for bulk electrolysis could be a RVC disk, which has larger surface area to increase the rate of the reaction. Controlled-potential electrolysis is normally
Chronoamperometry
Industrial production of molecular hydrogen
is usually understood to be produced from renewable electricity via electrolysis of water. Less frequently, definitions of green hydrogen include hydrogen
Hydrogen_production
Efficiency of charge transfer in an electrochemical reaction
Faradaic efficiency of a cell design is usually measured through bulk electrolysis where a known quantity of reagent is stoichiometrically converted
Faraday_efficiency
Method of chemical analysis
electric potential and is a technique most commonly referred to as "bulk electrolysis". Also called direct coulometry, the analyte is oxidized or reduced
Coulometry
Electronic system controlling a three electrode cell
current in amps is plotted against electric potential in voltage. In a bulk electrolysis total coulombs passed (total electric charge) is plotted against time
Potentiostat
Analytical methods in chemistry
transferred in the redox reaction. Typical forms of coulometry include bulk electrolysis, also known as Potentiostatic coulometry or controlled potential coulometry
Electroanalytical_methods
Branch of physical chemistry
chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in
Electrochemistry
Concept in Electrochemistry
mechanism was discovered in 2017 when researchers studied pure water electrolysis based on deep-sub-Debye-length nanogap electrochemical cells. Furthermore
Virtual_breakdown_mechanism
Electrode which supplies/accepts current from the working electrode
from the auxiliary electrode. Such isolation is crucial during the bulk electrolysis of a species which exhibits reversible redox behavior. Auxiliary electrodes
Auxiliary_electrode
Sequence of steps by which an electrochemical reaction occurs
techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV), chronoamperometry, and bulk electrolysis as well as more complex experiments involving rotating disk electrodes
Electrochemical reaction mechanism
Electrochemical_reaction_mechanism
for aluminium, or the production of hydrogen from water. Electrolysis is usually done in bulk using hundreds of sheets of metal connected to an electric
Electrolytic_process
Sedimentary rock rich in aluminium
production is processed first into alumina and then into aluminium by electrolysis. Bauxite rocks are typically classified according to their intended commercial
Bauxite
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
potential for the electrolysis of pure water is 1.23 V at 25 °C. The operating potential is actually 1.48 V or higher in practical electrolysis. Henry Cavendish
Properties_of_water
Chemical element with atomic number 12 (Mg)
burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. It is less dense than aluminium
Magnesium
Process for producing steel
renewable capacity. Iron ore electrolysis utilizes electrons as the reducing agent. One method is molten oxide electrolysis. The cell consists of an inert
Steelmaking
Difference between a redox reaction's reduction potential and actual potential
for current and increases the local current density. An example is the electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride solution—although oxygen should be produced
Overpotential
English chemist and physicist (1791–1867)
the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis. Although Faraday received little formal education, as a self-made man
Michael_Faraday
Chemical compound
and the anode, and (2) Autoxidation of hypochlorite in the bulk electrolyte. Under electrolysis hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are formed at the cathode and
Sodium_chlorate
Alloy of gold and silver
rush, mints were replacing Gay-Lussac's acid process and introducing electrolysis to refine doré bars into 999.9 purity gold bullion. According to the
Doré_bar
Canada-based alternative energy company
manufacturer of hydrogen generation and fuel cell products based on water electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) technology. Hydrogenics is divided
Hydrogenics
Hypothetical type of nuclear reaction
palladium or nickel, in bulk, thin films or powder; and deuterium, hydrogen, or both, in the form of water, gas or plasma. Electrolysis cells can be either
Cold_fusion
Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)
until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds
Calcium
Equation relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential
Butler–Volmer equation Electrocatalyst Faradaic current Faraday's laws of electrolysis Bard, A. J.; Faulkner, L. R. “Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and
Tafel_equation
Electrolytic extraction process
obtained sodium metal in elemental form for the first time in 1807 by the electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide. Electrorefining of copper was first demonstrated
Electrowinning
Chemical compound
plate of lead acid batteries and as a relatively inexpensive anode in electrolysis reactions. Lead dioxide has two major polymorphs, alpha and beta, which
Lead_dioxide
Type of iron oxide
equipment shipped by sea. Rust removal from small iron or steel objects by electrolysis can be done in a home workshop using simple materials such as a plastic
Rust
Chemical element with atomic number 73 (Ta)
their different water solubilities. Tantalum can also be refined by electrolysis, using a modified version of the Hall–Héroult process. Instead of requiring
Tantalum
Salt mixture
producer of potash as fertilizer. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). The term potash refers to compounds
Potash
Geochemical classification
form the great bulk of the metallic elements in Earth's crust, were never available as free metals before the development of electrolysis. With this development
Goldschmidt_classification
Catalyst participating in electrochemical reactions
decomposition methanol for hydrogen production. Water electrolysis is conventionally conducted at inert bulk metal electrodes such as platinum or iridium. The
Electrocatalyst
oxidation with first row transition metals.; Preparation of the surface and electrolysis conditions have a large effect on reactivity (defects, steps, kinks,
Heterogeneous_water_oxidation
Effect of chlorides on copper alloys
therefore will not further contaminate the object. Instead of rinses, electrolysis may be used, often with sodium carbonate as the electrolyte and mild
Bronze_disease
Method for producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbon fuels
using solar thermal, low- or zero-carbon electricity or waste heat, or electrolysis, using low- or zero-carbon electricity. Zero carbon emissions 'turquoise'
Steam_reforming
Infrastructure for hydrogen transport and distribution
site is occupied by a solar array; power from the grid is also used for electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen fuel. A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped
Hydrogen_infrastructure
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
replaced by this artificial version. However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing sodium
Sodium_hydroxide
Measure of energy loss in storage systems
For the green hydrogen and green ammonia the main factors are: water electrolysis voltage required for production of hydrogen (the energy required for
Roundtrip_efficiency
Chemical element with atomic number 56 (Ba)
element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as
Barium
Water purification method
MΩ/cm. Electrodeionization (EDI) integrates three distinct processes: Electrolysis: A continuous DC current directs positive and negative ions toward electrodes
Electrodeionization
Highly corrosive mineral acid
1806, Humphry Davy reported the results of extensive distilled water electrolysis experiments concluding that nitric acid was produced at the anode from
Nitric_acid
Chemical element with atomic number 88 (Ra)
its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910, and soon afterwards the metal started being
Radium
Storing surplus electricity production in chemical form
converted to gas fuel energy for storage and reconversion. Direct current electrolysis of water (efficiency 80–85% at best) can be used to produce hydrogen
Power-to-X
Equation characterising electrochemical kinetics
and backward reaction rates (vf and vb) and, from Faraday's laws of electrolysis, the associated electrical current densities (j), may be written as:
Butler–Volmer_equation
Chemical element with atomic number 34 (Se)
addition of selenium dioxide decreases the power necessary to operate the electrolysis cells. China is the largest consumer of selenium dioxide for this purpose
Selenium
Chemical compound
sulfides are efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution, including the electrolysis of water; thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in fuel
Molybdenum_disulfide
Class of chemical compounds
process) involves electrolysis of a substrate dissolved in hydrogen fluoride. As fluorine is itself manufactured by the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride
Fluorocarbon
Industrial process for ammonia production
respectively. Hydrogen can also be produced from water and electricity using electrolysis: at one time, most of Europe's ammonia was produced from the Hydro plant
Haber_process
Industrial processes using an electric field
have the advantage of avoiding the electrolysis of water and the oxygen evolution which accompanies electrolysis. This process is industrially used for
Electrophoretic_deposition
Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)
the oceans. Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. Among many other useful sodium compounds, sodium
Sodium
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH) with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis.
Potassium
Chemical compound
Similarly, CaCl2 is used as a flux and electrolyte in the FFC Cambridge electrolysis process for titanium production, where it ensures the proper exchange
Calcium_chloride
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
review of high temperature co-electrolysis of H 2 O and CO 2 to produce sustainable fuels using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs): advanced materials
Carbon_monoxide
Gaseous materials produced for use in industry
Notable developments in the industrial production of gases include the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen (in 1869) and oxygen (from 1888), the Brin
Industrial_gas
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine using low-temperature electrolysis, a process still employed for modern production. Industrial production
Fluorine
Type of lead-acid battery
battery to absorb the energy. If the charging current is too great, electrolysis will occur, decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen, in addition to
VRLA_battery
Fuel cell that produces electricity by oxidization
the electrolysis of water with a solid oxide, or ceramic, electrolyte to produce oxygen and hydrogen gas. SOECs can also be used to do electrolysis of
Solid_oxide_fuel_cell
Chemical separation of spent nuclear fuel
handle older "legacy waste" except blended with fresh spent fuel. The electrolysis methods are based on the difference in the standard potentials of uranium
Nuclear_reprocessing
Chemical element with atomic number 38 (Sr)
metal in 1808 by Humphry Davy using the then newly discovered process of electrolysis. During the 19th century, strontium was mostly used in the production
Strontium
Vehicle that uses hydrogen fuel for motive power
methane reforming, which emits carbon dioxide. It can be produced by electrolysis of water, or by thermochemical or pyrolytic means using renewable feedstocks
Hydrogen_vehicle
Chemical element with atomic number 81 (Tl)
by Crookes. It was isolated by both Lamy and Crookes in 1862, Lamy by electrolysis and Crookes by precipitation and melting of the resultant powder. Crookes
Thallium
Chemical compound
Oxidation is typically conducted at low-temperature, either chemically or by electrolysis. Other reactions: HNO2 + 2 HSO− 3 → HON(SO 3)2− 2 + H2O 3 HON(SO 3)2−
Frémy's_salt
Captured energy for later usage
use electricity to reduce water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis. In the first method, hydrogen is injected into the natural gas grid
Energy_storage
845 – Apparatus for Sampling, Averaging, Mixing, and Storing Materials in Bulk U.S. patent 0,661,238 – Machine for Forming Pulverized Material into Briquets
List_of_Edison_patents
2013 film by James Mangold
was based on a model that had been 3D printed and chrome painted using electrolysis. Stunt performer Shane Rangi, wearing a motion capture suit, stood on
The_Wolverine_(film)
Power generation technology
PEMFCs generate electricity and operate on the opposite principle to PEM electrolysis, which consumes electricity. They are a leading candidate to replace
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
Proton-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell
Class of manufacturing
Washington University discovered a new pathway to synthesize MWCNTs by electrolysis of molten carbonates. The mechanism is similar to CVD. Some metal ions
Synthesis_of_carbon_nanotubes
Large scale electricity supply management
storage are suited for long-duration storage: green hydrogen, produced via electrolysis and thermal energy storage. Energy storage is one option to making grids
Grid_energy_storage
German chemist and physicist (1802–1870)
chemistry but his later research was mostly in physics. He spent the great bulk of his career at the University of Berlin, where he is remembered for his
Heinrich_Gustav_Magnus
Conversion to other forms of energy
photovoltaic devices (PVs), emerging photovoltaics, solar fuel generation via electrolysis, artificial photosynthesis, and related forms of photocatalysis directed
Solar_energy_conversion
Type of membrane
exchange membrane on performance, ion transport, and pH in biocatalyzed electrolysis of wastewater". Water Science and Technology. 57 (11): 1757–1762. Bibcode:2008WSTec
Semipermeable_membrane
Hypothetical modification of Mars into an Earth-like habitable planet
which has been used to liberate oxygen in chemical oxygen generators. Electrolysis could be employed to separate water on Mars into oxygen and hydrogen
Terraforming_of_Mars
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
blocks called aluminium billets for further processing. Anodes of the electrolysis cell are made of carbon—the most resistant material against fluoride
Aluminium
Flow of gas and liquid in the same conduit
Other interesting areas where two-phase flow is studied includes water electrolysis, climate systems such as clouds, and in groundwater flow, in which the
Two-phase_flow
Sensor to detect the level of substances that flow
containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured
Level_sensor
Chemical compound
obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium bisulfate ([NH4]HSO4) in sulfuric acid. Small amounts are formed by electrolysis, photochemistry
Hydrogen_peroxide
significantly improves fuel cell performance. Anion exchange membrane electrolysis Proton-exchange membrane Winter, M; Brodd, R. J. (2004). "What are batteries
Alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cell
Alkaline_anion-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell
Inorganic compound
Chemicals by Electrolysis (1st ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 32. Retrieved 5 June 2014. manufacture of chemicals by electrolysis hydroxylamine
Hydroxylamine
Vector field describing the density of electric dipole moments in a dielectric material
(\rho _{\text{f}}=0)} , by the last equation it follows that there is no bulk bound charge in the material ( ρ b = 0 ) {\displaystyle (\rho _{\text{b}}=0)}
Polarization_density
Refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with formula BN
electrical resistance, may lead to applications in fuel cells and water electrolysis. h-BN has been used since the mid-2000s as a bullet and bore lubricant
Boron_nitride
Thin layer of material
G. Gerald (6 May 1909). "The tension of metallic films deposited by electrolysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers
Thin_film
Archipelago, county and council area in northern Scotland
renewables onto the network. 1.5 MW of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis form a partial hydrogen economy for hydrogen vehicles and district heating
Orkney
Type of material
have no commercially practical reducing agent, and are extracted using electrolysis instead. Sulfide ores are not reduced directly to the metal but are roasted
Metal
Method for measuring moisture content
electrolyze the water to hydrogen and oxygen. The current consumed by the electrolysis determines the mass of water vapor entering the sensor. The flow rate
Moisture_analysis
Internal magnetic field generated by a magnet
divergence of the magnetization − ∇ · M (called a volume pole) is analogous to a bulk bound electric charge in the body while n · M (called a surface pole) is
Demagnetizing_field
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
which becomes beryllium chloride when combined with carbon and chlorine. Electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride is then used to obtain the metal. A beryllium
Beryllium
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
and oxygen by passing an electric current through it—a process called electrolysis. The decomposition requires more energy input than the heat released
Water
Unidirectional flow of electric charge
of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have a battery system to ensure
Direct_current
Ultrafine particles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm in size
large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending
Silver_nanoparticle
Catalyst surface active in redox reactions
lifetime of catalyst layers in applications such as fuel cells, water electrolysis, and metal-air batteries. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) is
Electrochemical_surface_area
Chemical element with atomic number 26 (Fe)
other metals may be added to make alloy steels. Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) uses electrolysis of molten iron oxide to yield metallic iron. It is studied
Iron
Object with trapped electrical charge
electric fields created by electrets can be exploited in various applications. Bulk electrets can be prepared by heating or melting the material, then cooling
Electret
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
was not isolated until 1821, when William Thomas Brande obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide, a process that had previously been employed by the
Lithium
Conducting semi-flexible rod polymer
Letheby, H. (1862). "XXIX.-On the production of a blue substance by the electrolysis of sulphate of aniline". Journal of the Chemical Society. 15: 161–163
Polyaniline
Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B)
subsequent experiments, he used potassium to reduce boric acid instead of electrolysis. He produced enough boron to confirm a new element and named it boracium
Boron
Material that does not conduct an electric current
insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing
Insulator_(electricity)
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
by Lorentz, who tried to use it to derive the macroscopic properties of bulk matter from its microscopic constituents. "Maxwell's macroscopic equations"
Maxwell's_equations
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
gas that is thermodynamically stable, and most readily produced by the electrolysis of molten ammonium fluoride dissolved in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
Nitrogen
Process of extracting gold from ore
process of removing silver from gold using concentrated sulfuric acid. Electrolysis using the Wohlwill process is yet another approach. The smelting of gold
Gold_extraction
Fundamental physical law of electromagnetism
{r'} )\,dA'.} For a volume charge distribution (such as charge within a bulk metal) where ρ ( r ′ ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} ')} gives the charge
Coulomb's_law
Watercraft capable of independent underwater operation
batteries. Most modern military submarines generate breathing oxygen by electrolysis of fresh water (using a device called an "Electrolytic Oxygen Generator")
Submarine
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BULK ELECTROLYSIS