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Reduction of nestlings in a bird brood
Brood reduction occurs when the number of nestlings in a bird's brood is reduced, usually because there is a limited amount of resources available. It
Brood_reduction
Species of bird
formation of brood hierarchies (the experimentally synchronous broods established them, as well), it does aid in efficient brood reduction when food levels
Blue-footed_booby
Species of bird
generally hatches later, and shows higher mortality, demonstrating a brood reduction system that is unique from other avian groups. The Fiordland crested
Fiordland_penguin
Type of socially subordinate ranking
the blue-footed boody (Sula nebouxii): Social roles in infanticial brood reduction". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 19 (5): 365–372. Bibcode:1986BEcoS
Dominance_hierarchy
Killing of young offspring by an adult animal of the same species
eusocial animals. Filial infanticide is also observed as a form of brood reduction in some birds species, such as the white stork. This may be due to
Infanticide_(zoology)
Consumption of one's own offspring
entirely consumed. Filial cannibalism can act in a way analogous to brood reduction in birds, in order to reduce competition between offspring for resources
Filial_cannibalism
Subfamily of fishes
2007.01523.x. ISSN 1095-8649. Sagebakken (2012). Parental Care and Brood Reduction in a Pipefish. Goteborg. ISBN 978-91-628-8532-8. Berglund, Anders;
Pipefish
Killing of an infant individual by its siblings
sister Morandini, V.; Ferrer, M. (2015-01-02). "Sibling aggression and brood reduction: a review". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 27 (1): 2–16. Bibcode:2015EtEcE
Siblicide
Species of bird
Hoopoes show hatching asynchrony of eggs which is thought to allow for brood reduction when food availability is low. Hoopoes have well-developed anti-predator
Eurasian_hoopoe
Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures
hatching in birds. A behavioral ecology hypothesis is known as Lack's brood reduction hypothesis (named after David Lack).[citation needed] Lack's hypothesis
Behavioral_ecology
Harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance
81–90. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v34i1.417. Horsfall, J.A. (1984). "Brood reduction and brood division in coots". Animal Behaviour. 32: 216–225. doi:10
Revenge
Genus of North American cicadas
17-year broods have appeared in the same year. "2015 was the last time a 13-year brood emerged with a 17-year brood, when Brood XXIII emerged with Brood IV
Periodical_cicadas
Species of bird
and asynchronous hatching are adaptive mechanisms that may lead to brood reduction. However, Snares penguins and other members of their genus, Eudyptes
Snares_penguin
Species of bird
erect-crested penguins, Eudyptes sclateri: Hormones, behavior, obligate brood reduction and conservation". PLoS One. 17 (10) e0275106. doi:10.1371/journal
Erect-crested_penguin
Bee swarming prevention method
nurse bees will prefer to stay with open brood, and that forager bees will move to frames with closed brood or with room for food. In the modern Demaree
Demaree_method
Species of bird
II. The Hague, Netherlands: Nijhof. p. 118. Zielinski, P. (2002). "Brood reduction and parental infanticide– are the White Stork Ciconia ciconia and the
White_stork
Evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal parental investment
obviously manifested in the reduction of brood size (i.e. a decrease in the proportion of ovules matured into seeds). Such reduction can be assumed to be caused
Parent–offspring_conflict
Species of owl
The Auk, 661–672. Steidl, R. J., & Griffin, C. R. (1991). Growth and brood reduction of mid-Atlantic coast ospreys. The Auk, 363–370. Walton, B. J., & Thelander
Great_horned_owl
Genus of birds
not around, she will allow asynchronous hatching and even allow a brood reduction if she cannot take care of all the young. This allocation of resources
Sturnus
Species of bird
Western Palaeactic Region. author. p. 8. Zielinski, Piotr (2002). "Brood reduction and parental infanticide – are the White Stork Ciconia ciconia and
Black_stork
Species of bird
males and females with the incubation period lasting 22 to 23 days. Brood reduction was common with the youngest nestling dying within two weeks. The breeding
Western_corella
in the phonology of consonant clusters. The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, involving
Phonological history of English consonant clusters
Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters
Species of bird
ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195864. Mock, Douglas W. (1985). "Siblicidal Brood Reduction: The Prey-Size Hypothesis". The American Naturalist. 125 (3): 327–343
Blue-throated_bee-eater
Species of bird
194–197. Anderson, Atholl (1995). "The role of parents in sibilicidal brood reduction of two booby species" (PDF). The Auk. 112 (4): 860–869. doi:10.2307/4089018
Masked_booby
Species of migratory aquatic bird
grisegena". Ornis Fennica. 59 (2–3): 84–9. Kloskowski, J. (April 2003). "Brood reduction in the Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena". Ibis. 145 (2): 233–243
Red-necked_grebe
(microsporidia). This infestation led to a reduction in the number of bees and subsequently to reduced broods in the Bt-fed colonies, as well as in the
List of diseases of the honey bee
List_of_diseases_of_the_honey_bee
In another population of cichlids (Aequidens coeruleopunctatus), brood reduction leading to earlier male mate desertion has also been observed, and
Mate_desertion
Species of bird
multi-brooded, the first detailed breeding studies conducted on Chiloé suggest each pair typically raises only a single clutch per year, and that reduction
Thorn-tailed_rayadito
Genus of birds
fledge. A common phenomenon demonstrated in the kingfisher species is brood reduction, due to asynchronous hatching. This occurs when the first egg to be
Paradise_kingfisher
Behavior observed in some species of birds
parental care unless there is a partial clutch reduction, or PCR. There are different methods that brood parasites use to trick the host into raising their
Egg_tossing_(behavior)
Species of true bug
has been observed in all of the three extant broods of 13-year cicadas: Brood XIX, Brood XXII, and Brood XXIII. "Periodical Cicada Page". University of
Magicicada_tredecim
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests
Bird
17-year periodic cicada
Brood XIII sub-brood, 2020 Male ventral Brood XIII sub-brood, 2020 Female dorsal Brood XIII, 2024 Female ventral Brood XIII, 2024 Mating pair Brood XIII
Magicicada_cassini
Subspecies of honey bee
rhythm of brood production and then brood rearing reduction when available forage decreases Lower use of propolis Increased resistance to brood diseases
Carniolan_honey_bee
Invasive ant species
of energy in nest construction and transporting brood, which is related with thermoregulation. The brood is transported to areas where temperatures are
Red_imported_fire_ant
Small honey bee colony
nucleus should be between 3–6 frames of bees, including a queen, workers, brood in all stages, and honey stores. The nuc box, also called a nuc, is a smaller
Nuc
Type of ant that exploits other ant species
and larvae back to the parasite's colony, where the brood will be raised as their own. The host brood that were transported are unable to differentiate
Parasitic_ant
Parenting not done by the birth parents
between or within species. Cooperative breeding, joint brood care, reciprocal allonursing, brood parasitism and cuckoldry represent situations in which
Alloparenting
Central question in evolutionary biology of birds
pneumatized bones, gastroliths in the digestive system, nest-building, and brooding behaviors. Although the origin of birds has historically been a contentious
Origin_of_birds
Species of butterfly
Behavioral ecologists have found its role as a brood parasite to be of particular interest as, unlike many brood parasites, it does not directly oviposit in
Phengaris_rebeli
Species of fish
functional until juveniles are released from the brood pouch. Compared to an adult seahorse, offspring within the brood pouch have a rounded tail instead of tetrahedral
Dwarf_seahorse
Species of true bug
in all three of the extant 13-year broods: Brood XIX (emerging in 2011), Brood XXII (emerging in 2014), and Brood XXIII (emerging in 2015). M. neotredecim
Magicicada_neotredecim
Genus of flowering plants in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae
Africa, Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula. Hydnora pollinates through brood-site mimicry. This is a method of pollination in which the plant emits a
Hydnora
Species of bird
evidence suggests thay the sage thrasher can recognize and reject eggs of brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Experiments have shown
Sage_thrasher
Species of bird
thick-billed cuckoo has caused probably the most dramatic reduction in nesting success by any brood parasitic bird, with one group of helmetshrikes unable
Thick-billed_cuckoo
Hindlimbs primarily used for the anchoring and locomotion of avians
and related Cradling and turning eggs during incubation. Birds lacking a brood patch incubate the eggs with their feet – grasping one or even two of them
Bird_feet_and_legs
Species of bird
mammals, insects, snails, reptiles, and amphibians. Sandhill cranes raise one brood per year. In nonmigratory populations, laying begins between December and
Sandhill_crane
Genus of crustaceans
the feeding mechanism can be observed, with immature young moving in the brood pouch; moreover, the eye being moved by the ciliary muscles can be seen
Daphnia
Species of bird
breeding range. Late April to August: breeding season, usually only one brood but rarely two. August to October: migrates back to Africa. They are very
Willow_warbler
Species of bird of prey
in trees in this species, and is a devoted parent to a relatively small brood of young. The common buzzard appears to be the most common diurnal raptor
Common_buzzard
Artificial bee shelter
The cracks allow moisture to penetrate and lead to fungus growth in the brood cells. Materials such as pine cones and wood chips are useless as filling
Bee_hotel
Set of phenotypical features likely to occur in geographically-isolated populations
adults invest more effort into current broods since they are less likely to survive to produce subsequent broods i.e. there is low interbrood conflict
Island_syndrome
Migratory bird found in Eurasia and Africa
follow a similar moult strategy to the adults unless they are from late broods, in which case the entire moult may take place in Africa. Other nightjar
European_nightjar
Animal method of defense
modification of the body enables the queen to act as a living gate to the brood chamber. Phragmosis in ants has evolved independently in the diverse ant
Phragmosis
Species of periodical cicada
appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years the next appearance of the brood (Brood X) that Kalm had observed in 1749. Bartram noted that upon hatching from
Magicicada_septendecim
Species of passerine birds
roost. A pair can raise up to three broods per year, frequently reusing and relining the same nest, although two broods is typical, or just one north of
Common_starling
Species of bee
eat) more pollen. Body size in O. bicornis decreases as temperature in brood cells increases. Beyond 25 °C, body growth can be severely truncated, leading
Osmia_bicornis
Flowering plant species known as dandelion
been found to lack certain essential nutrients and can lead to declining brood health for bees. The leaves, flowers, and roots are sometimes used as food
Taraxacum_officinale
Species of wasp
Before the emergence of workers, the queen is responsible for feeding the brood. To feed developing larvae, the queen captures prey by incapacitation, trims
Vespula_pensylvanica
Clade of reptiles
every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid. When laying eggs, females grow a special type
Dinosaur
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
settlement of new corals. Brooding species are most often ahermatypic (not reef-building) in areas of high current or wave action. Brooders release only sperm
Coral
Species of freshwater bird
plants formed into a mound along the vegetated shores of lakes. A single brood is raised each year from a clutch of one or two olive-brown oval eggs with
Common_loon
Genus of ants (Camponotus spp.)
worker ants emerge. The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs. After a few years, reproductive winged ants are born
Carpenter_ant
Species of bee
the first brood may become non-reproductive helpers that either forage or stay in their natal nest to assist the queen in raising the next brood, or will
Halictus_ligatus
Relationships of rove beetles with ants
myrmecophagous, placating their hosts with glandular secretions while eating the brood.[better source needed] Staphylinidae is currently considered to be the largest
Myrmecophily_in_Staphylinidae
Catholic theology, pleasure taken in a sinful thought or imagination, such as brooding on sexual images. As voluntary and complacent erotic fantasizing, without
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
Species of bird found in Europe, Asia and Africa
a given site, and losses average 50% of first brood chicks and somewhat less than 40% of second brood chicks. The influence of weather on chick survival
Corn_crake
Genus of passerine birds in the swallow family
the nest. Occasionally, young birds from the first brood will assist in feeding the second brood. A Scottish study showed that mortality in common house
Delichon
Species of amphibian
matings involve more than one male, and possibly up to nine, resulting in a brood of offspring with multiple paternities. Polyandrous mating is more likely
Quacking_frog
Species of butterfly
brood consists of adults with a spring hatching around April. The second brood is made up of adults that hatch around July. Sometimes, a third brood can
Pieris_brassicae
Large flightless seabird endemic to Antarctica
The young chick is brooded in what is called the "guard phase", spending time balanced on its parent's feet and kept warm by the brood patch. The female
Emperor_penguin
Informal group of insects
and bury a dung ball either for food storage or for making a brooding ball. When brooding, two beetles, one male and one female, stay around the dung ball
Dung_beetle
Family of large seabirds
body weight a day. After hatching, the chick, which is semi-altricial, is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to defend and thermoregulate
Albatross
Female stock character who acts as a love interest
Insider: "The effortlessly eccentric Holly Golightly balances out the brooding writer Paul Varjack." Penélope Cruz's character in the movie Vanilla Sky
Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl
Transfer of food between members of a community through stomodeal or proctodeal means
the sensory exploitation strategy that has evolved in the common cuckoo brood parasites. These birds have evolved brightly coloured gapes that stimulate
Trophallaxis
Species of roundworm
affect the clutch size but can affect her ability to incubate the eggs or brood the chicks so this parasite may indirectly affect chick mortality. Hudson
Trichostrongylus_tenuis
Species of flightless bird
seven eggs during a breeding season (multiple clutches), though a complete brood that can be properly incubated contains two eggs, which is the average amount
North_Island_brown_kiwi
Animal housing system
Manure." The deep litter method was first used in 1946 by the Ohio Station Brooder House. Before the deep litter method, shavings were removed every one to
Deep_litter
Species of bird
Clutch size varies from 1 to 4 eggs, and both parents incubate the eggs, brood the chicks, and care for the juveniles even after they fledge. Parental
Mariana_crow
Group of languages
differences in the vowel system of West Germanic from Proto-Germanic are: Reduction of overlong vowels to simple long vowels Lowering of /ɛː/ to /æː/, then
West_Germanic_languages
Species of bird
seasonal conditions, female age, and breeding density. Some intraspecific brood parasitism occurs, and instances of unusually large numbers of eggs in a
House_sparrow
Subspecies of honey bee
propensity to lay multiple eggs in a single cell and the raised capping on their brood cells. In 1990 beekeepers transported Cape honey bees into northern South
Cape_honey_bee
Compulsory hospitalization
deinstitutionalization. "There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable
Involuntary_commitment
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022
2016. Killen, Mary (March 2015). "Boris Johnson's mother on her brilliant brood". Tatler. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January
Boris_Johnson
2015 video game
stasis, much like the Stasis Field ability from the Arbiter of StarCraft: Brood War. The Warp Prism, the trademark Protoss air transport, now has the ability
StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void
StarCraft_II:_Legacy_of_the_Void
American soldier killed last in WWI (1895–1918)
Gunther's comrades afterward. He wrote that Gunther had "brooded a great deal over his recent reduction in rank, and became obsessed with a determination to
Henry_Gunther
Lombard dialects of Italy
can be seen in the following examples: /kwat/ = "how much" vs /kuˈat/ = "brooded" /pjat/ = "dish" vs /piˈat/ = "bitten" Locally, the alveolar fricative
Eastern_Lombard_dialects
Argentine writer (1899–1986)
the presence of a priest. During his final days in Geneva, Borges began brooding about the possibility of an afterlife. Although calm and collected about
Jorge_Luis_Borges
Class of parasitic flatworms
forms a central body in the snail's digestive gland that extends into a brood sac in the snail's head, muscular foot and eye-stalks. It is in the central
Trematoda
Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14
great-uncle Julius Caesar and is often sidelined as a minor character or brooding villain in theatrical plays, films, TV series, comics, and novels. Goldsworthy
Augustus
Species of canine native to North America
from thrashers, larks and sparrows to adult wild turkeys and, rarely, brooding adult swans and pelicans. If working in packs or pairs, coyotes may have
Coyote
Species of bee
for a colony, while also collecting nectar and pollen to feed her future brood. The queen uses sperm she has saved from her mating activities of the previous
Bombus_affinis
Origins of cooperative brood care
characterized by four main criteria: overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, philopatry, and reproductive altruism. Overlapping generations means
Evolution_of_eusociality
1987 film by Paul Verhoeven
indulge in violent visuals. The Chicago Reader found the violence had a "brooding, agonized quality ... as if Verhoeven were both appalled and fascinated"
RoboCop
Species of bird
to attract females, as the partners only stay together for raising one brood. Dickcissels are thus among the few songbirds that are truly polygynous
Dickcissel
Bird in the honeyeater family from eastern Australia
including multiple broods and group mobbing of predators. The noisy miner's population increase has been correlated with the reduction of avian diversity
Noisy_miner
American diplomat and businesswoman (born 1954)
Jennifer (December 27, 2007). "Bridging 4 Decades, a Large, Close-Knit Brood". The New York Times. Serrano, Richard A.; Vartabedian, Ralph (July 11,
Cindy_McCain
Social insects related to cockroaches
labor within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance. Workers are tasked with the digestion of cellulose
Termite
British politician (1912–1998)
Tower" speech, he said: "There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable
Enoch_Powell
Social system
brood. Cooperative breeding occurs across taxonomic groups including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. Costs for helpers include a fitness reduction
Cooperative_breeding
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English
A Small Fresh Water Stream; Water
Surname or Lastname
English
English : evidently from Old English blÅd ‘blood’, but with what significance is not clear. In Middle English the word was in use as a metonymic occupational term for a physician, i.e. one who lets blood, and also as an affectionate term of address for a blood relative.Welsh : Anglicized form of Welsh ap Llwyd ‘son of Llwyd’ (see Lloyd).
Boy/Male
Scottish
Brother.
Girl/Female
German
Brook.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Greek
Broad; Broad Shouldered
Boy/Male
Tamil
Brook
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places called Broom(e) or Brome, from Old English brÅm ‘broom’, ‘gorse’. There are such places in Bedfordshire, County Durham, Norfolk, Shropshire, Suffolk, Worcestershire, and elsewhere.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, Christian, English
From the Wide Stream; From the Broad Brook
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a brook or stream, from Middle Englisk brook, Old English brÅc ‘brook’, ‘stream’.North German and Dutch : topographic name for someone who lived by a water meadow or marsh, from Low German brook, Dutch broek (cognate with German Bruch and Old English brÅc; see 1).Americanized spelling of German and Jewish Bruck or German Bruch.
Boy/Male
English
From the broad brook.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English
A Small Stream; Near the Stream or Brook; From the Stream Near the Hollow; From the Western Stream
Girl/Female
English American
Water; stream.
Boy/Male
English
Brook.
Boy/Male
English
From the broad brook.
Male
English
 English surname transferred to unisex forename use, from Old English broc, BROOK means "brook, stream."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a stout or fat person, from Middle English brode.English : from the Old English personal name BrÄda (from brÄd ‘broad’).
Boy/Male
English American
Lives by the stream.
Boy/Male
English Swedish
Brook.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Blood
Girl/Female
German
Brook.
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Controller of time
Male
Egyptian
, a mystical title of the deity Amen Ra.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places called Belton, for example in Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Suffolk. The first element, bel, is of uncertain origin; the second is Old English tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.Irish : the name Weldon, relatively common in Ireland, has sometimes been Gaelicized as de Bhéalatún and re-Anglicized as Veldon and Belton.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
One who plans
Girl/Female
Tamil
Second
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A Grateful Person
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Muslim
Generous
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, Netherlands, Swiss
Bitterness; Diminutive Form of Marie; Similar to Mary Bitter
Male
Welsh
Pet form of Welsh Iefan, IANTO means "God is gracious."
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
BROOD REDUCTION
v. t.
To sit over, cover, and cherish; as, a hen broods her chickens.
v. t.
The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as, a woman with a brood of children.
v. i.
To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; -- usually followed by over or on; as, to brood over misfortunes.
a.
Having a broad brim.
n.
The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction.
v. t.
To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as, young men can not brook restraint.
n.
An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; -- so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom.
superl.
Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as, the broad expanse of ocean.
n.
The broad part of anything; as, the broad of an oar.
v. t.
To heat the blood of; to exasperate.
v. t.
The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as, a brood of chickens.
a.
Alt. of Broad-leafed
a.
Kept for breeding from; as, a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as, a brood sow.
superl.
Strongly marked; as, a broad Scotch accent.
a.
Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves.
a.
Inclined to brood.
superl.
Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; -- opposed to narrow; as, a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad.
v. t.
To stain, smear or wet, with blood.
superl.
Plain; evident; as, a broad hint.
superl.
Cross; coarse; indelicate; as, a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor.