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1942–1964 migrant worker program
The Bracero Program (from the Spanish term bracero [bɾaˈse.ɾo], meaning "manual laborer" or "one who works using his arms") was a temporary labor initiative
Bracero_Program
1950s U.S. immigration law enforcement initiative
would be legalized as Braceros instead of deported. The final phase lasted from 1955 to 1964 and thus saw the end of the Bracero Program. The paradoxical nature
Operation_Wetback
Temporary program for foreign workers
include the Bracero Program, enacted during World War II; attempts by the George W. Bush administration; and the current H-2A and H-2B visa programs. However
Guest_worker_program
Koestler, Fred L. "Bracero Program". tshaonline.org. Retrieved November 1, 2023. Calavita, Kitty (1992). Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration
Mexico_during_World_War_II
Ethnic identity of some Mexican Americans
worked to legislate for (1) a Mexican guest workers program, which would become the Bracero program, (2) laws prohibiting strike activity, and (3) military
Chicano
and U.S. processing centers. The selection of bracero workers was a key aspect of the bracero program between the United States and Mexico, which began
Bracero_Selection_Process
Migrant smuggler
labour-brokerage coyote, by implementing the Bracero Program in 1942. The popularity of the Bracero Program resulted in a greater Mexican demand for guest-worker
Coyote_(person)
Mexicans moving abroad
have changed over the years as laws and programs such as the U.S. Immigration Act of 1996, the Bracero Program, and the Immigration Reform and Control
Emigration_from_Mexico
"Bracero Program". Encyclopedia of the Great Plain. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved December 30, 2020. Koestler, Fred L. "Bracero Program".
History_of_Mexican_Americans
Process of expelling foreigners from the United States
the demand for cheap agricultural labor led to the creation of the Bracero Program (1942–1964), a series of binational agreements that brought millions
Deportation from the United States
Deportation_from_the_United_States
Train and bus crash in California on September 17, 1963
was a factor in the decision by Congress in 1964 to terminate the bracero program, despite its strong support among farmers. It also helped spur the
Chualar_train-bus_collision
American labor leader (born 1930)
and health coverage to farm workers while opposing the controversial Bracero Program. She also advocated for neighborhood improvement projects, taught citizenship
Dolores_Huerta
American trade union
of the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition was due to their belief that the program undermined US workers
United_Farm_Workers
Monument in Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Los Angeles, California, honoring the participants of the Bracero program. The Bracero program was an initiative that operated from 1942 to 1964 which brough
Bracero_Monument
Tariff-free factory in Latin America
Industrialization Program'). Specific programs and laws have made Mexico's maquila industry grow rapidly. From 1942 to 1964, the Bracero program allowed men
Maquiladora
Farm labor union organizer, activist, author, and historian
activist, author, and historian. He studied the Bracero program (an agricultural guest-worker program) as a graduate student in Public Health at the University
Henry_Pope_Anderson
Racial impersonation
like brownface. The Bracero Program of 1942 serves as another possible explanation for the emergence of brownface. This program was an agreement between
Brownface
Anti-assimilationist Chicano counterculture
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Pachuco
Americans of Mexican ancestry
period of increased migration is known as the Bracero Era from 1942 to 1964. This referred to the Bracero program implemented by the United States beginning
Mexican_Americans
Town in South Carolina, United States
of 1934 Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program (1942–1964) Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 War Brides Act of
Sullivan's Island, South Carolina
Sullivan's_Island,_South_Carolina
1943 anti-Latino race riot by US servicemen in Los Angeles
Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were contracted by the United States under the Bracero Program to alleviate the labor shortage caused by WWII. Gregory, Alice (April
Zoot_Suit_Riots
Mexican-American subculture
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Cholo_(subculture)
2022 US political event
of 1934 Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program (1942–1964) Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 War Brides Act of
Martha's Vineyard migrant airlift
Martha's_Vineyard_migrant_airlift
Mexican-American labor organizer, activist and professor
Bracero Program". Journal of Policy History. 29 (3): 431–461. doi:10.1017/S0898030617000185. ISSN 0898-0306. Mandeel, Elizabeth. "The Bracero Program
Ernesto_Galarza
1848 agreement ending the Mexican–American War (1846-1848)
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo
Customized car with a lowered body
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Lowrider
Music genre fusing Mexican and European influences
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Tejano_music
1942 Los Angeles murder case
further contributed to the agricultural labor shortage, leading to the Bracero Program, where Mexican citizens were brought into the United States under work
Sleepy_Lagoon_murder
Legendary ancestral home of the Aztec
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Aztlán
Police scandal in Los Angeles
the raising of entrance standards, the creation of rigorous training programs, and better pay for officers. Police autonomy was already guaranteed in
Bloody_Christmas_(1951)
Being opposed to non-citizens entering another country
the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers
Opposition_to_immigration
Valley in Monterey County, California, US
serious road accident in U.S. history, and helped spur abolition of the bracero program.[citation needed] Agriculture dominates the economy of the valley.
Salinas_Valley
the second Trump administration's more aggressive immigrant deportation program. The American Immigration Lawyers Association states that ICE and CBP have
Deportations of U.S. citizens in the second Trump administration
Deportations_of_U.S._citizens_in_the_second_Trump_administration
Mass repatriation during the Great Depression
(1948) Operation Wetback (1954) Chandler Roundup (1997) Bracero Program Repatriation flight program Immigration to Mexico Nava, Julian; Hoffman, Abraham
Mexican_Repatriation
Female Mexican–American subculture
Pachucas are not seen as much as Pachucos, but in 2002 song titled, "El Bracero y La Pachuca", composed by Dueto Taxo and Mariachi Los Caporales del Norte
Pachucas
government to place more emphasis on the Bracero Program so there would be less exploitation. Both the Bracero Program and the number of undocumented workers
The_"Mexican_Problem"
American clothing line brand
L.; Swords, Alicia C. S. (2010). Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-4426-0158-1
Guess_(company)
United States Class I railroad (1865–1996)
California, killing 32 bracero workers. It would later be a factor in the decision by Congress in 1964 to terminate the bracero program, despite its strong
Southern_Pacific_Railroad
Town Full of Dead Mexicans: The Salinas Valley Bracero Tragedy of 1963, the End of the Bracero Program, and the Evolution of California's Chicano Movement"
List of American railroad accidents
List_of_American_railroad_accidents
Rock music performed by Chicano groups
on June 24, 2019. "Chicano Rock!|The Sounds of East Los Angeles". PBS Programs - PBS. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. "Fifty years later
Chicano_rock
Race philosophy
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
La_Raza
Americans descended from Punjabis who initially immigrated to Mexico
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Punjabi_Mexican_Americans
Immigration to the United States in violation of US law
present in the United States is the termination of the Bracero Program. This bi-national program between the US and Mexico existed from 1942 to 1964 to
Illegal immigration to the United States
Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States
Prejudice against Mexico
the Great Depression, the US government sponsored Mexican Repatriation programs, which were intended to pressure people to move to Mexico, but many were
Anti-Mexican_sentiment
Culinary traditions of Mexican Americans
farther north to states in the Midwest. Later government programs such as the Bracero Program (1942-1964) led to the temporary employment of millions of
Mexican-American_cuisine
Workplace that has socially unacceptable working conditions
higher paying jobs. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the Bracero Program, the 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China, and the Fall of Saigon led
Sweatshop
Consensual or punitive unpaid labor
extended servitude to cover peonage as well as Involuntary Servitude. Bracero program Coolie Debt Bondage English Poor Laws Human trafficking Home Children
Indentured_servitude
World War II. With so many draftees, the U.S. needed farm workers. The Bracero Program allowed 290,000 Mexicans to work temporarily on American farms, especially
History_of_Mexico
Historic Landmark in Texas, United States
From 1950 to 1964 the farm served as a processing center for the Bracero Program which brought Mexicans to the United States as guest agricultural workers
Rio Vista Bracero Reception Center
Rio_Vista_Bracero_Reception_Center
American Chicano rights organization
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Brown_Berets
Mexican anti-war slogan
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Abrazos,_no_balazos
Housing project
war-industry work, followed by the return of servicemen to the region and the Bracero program. Of the original 30 buildings, 214 units were reserved for defense
Estrada_Courts
Dialect of English spoken in the Southwestern United States
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Chicano_English
Scholarly field
concentration have a formal Chicano/a studies department or interdisciplinary program. Providing Chicano studies to Chicano students has helped these students
Chicano_studies
Societal factor
Wetback in 1954 in cooperation with the Mexican government. While the Bracero program was in force, the INS deported one million Mexicans starting in 1954
Institutional racism in the United States
Institutional_racism_in_the_United_States
Mexican folk art sculptures
various periods working as an agricultural laborer in the Bracero Program. When this program ended, Santiago found that he could not support his family
Alebrije
Area of the Central Valley in California
demographics in the San Joaquin Valley. Since not long after the onset of the bracero program during World War II, all but a minor percentage of the farmworkers
San_Joaquin_Valley
1984 novel by Sandra Cisneros
Chautauqua Theater Company, the Charlotte Ballet and the Chautauqua Voice Program. On January 22, 2020, Deadline Hollywood reported that The House on Mango
The_House_on_Mango_Street
City in Chihuahua, Mexico
due in part to the newly established maquiladoras. The end of the Bracero Program also brought workers back from border cities in the U.S. through Ciudad
Ciudad_Juárez
Music genre
major crossover and received heavy rotation on radio stations and video programs not directly related to Chicano rap music. This widely successful artist
Chicano_rap
1947 US appeals court case
and year (link) USPS (October 25, 2006), The 2007 Commemorative Stamp Program Archived 2006-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, usps.com "Mendez vs. segregation:
Mendez_v._Westminster
1918 shooting in Texas, US
installed under the Texas Historical Commission's Undertold Stories Marker Program. Hispanic and Latino Americans portal History portal Texas portal Anti-Mexican
Porvenir_massacre_(1918)
Aspect of Mexican-American literature
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Chicano_literature
Cant language that originated during the early 20th century in the United States
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Caló_(Chicano)
in an attempt to deter illegal immigration, the Bracero Program was created. This was a U.S.-run program working jointly with Mexico's government from 1942
History of immigration to the United States
History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States
Mural in Los Angeles, California, United States
took about a year. Originally, 80 young people from the juvenile justice program were recruited to help work on the mural. They worked about 25 hours a
Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles
American criminologist
The Bracero Program, Immigration and the INS." (1992) analyzed Mexican labor in the United States after World War II. The book explores the Bracero Program
Kitty_Calavita
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
List of Mexican-American writers
List_of_Mexican-American_writers
1968 protests by Chicano students
methods currently being employed in this program. If this high standard cannot be met, the Industrial Arts program will be de-emphasized. New high schools
East_L.A._walkouts
1973 United States Supreme Court case
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez
Southwestern U.S. political party (1970–1978)
gringo he meant "a person or institution that has a certain policy or program, or attitudes that reflect bigotry, racism, discord, prejudice, and violence"
Raza_Unida_Party
never to return to agriculture. Texas needed more farm workers. The Bracero Program brought in 117,000 Mexicans to work temporarily. Existing military
History_of_Texas
1987 book by Gloria Anzaldúa
University of Texas- Pan American. From there, she went onto a master's program at the University of Texas-Austin and graduated with her master's in English
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
Borderlands/La_Frontera:_The_New_Mestiza
State and local laws against undocumented immigrants in the Southwestern United States
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Juan_Crow
American anti-immigration non-profit think tank
"proportion of immigrant-headed households using at least one major welfare program is 33 percent, compared to 19 percent for native households." Wayne A.
Center for Immigration Studies
Center_for_Immigration_Studies
Federal Land Grant Alliance of the 1960s that fought for Chicano New Mexicans
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Alianza_Federal_de_Mercedes
Town Full of Dead Mexicans: The Salinas Valley Bracero Tragedy of 1963, the End of the Bracero Program, and the Evolution of California's Chicano Movement"
List of traffic collisions (before 2000)
List_of_traffic_collisions_(before_2000)
Reforms that challenge the existing power structure
Ronald; Swords, Alicia (2010). Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA. University of Toronto Press. p. 238. ISBN 9781442604094.
Non-reformist_reform
United States federal law
of 1934 Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program (1942–1964) Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 War Brides Act of
Immigration_Act_of_1882
American citizens descended from Indigenous peoples of Mexico
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Indigenous_Mexican_Americans
lowered. A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that the Bracero program (which allowed almost half a million Mexican workers to do seasonal
Economic effects of immigration
Economic_effects_of_immigration
Social and political movement combating racism in the United States
smelters' strike 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program Cantaloupe strike of 1928 California agricultural strikes Citrus Strike
Chicano_Movement
Soul music genre
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Brown-eyed_soul
U.S. law defining citizenship and equal protection
of 1934 Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program (1942–1964) Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 War Brides Act of
Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866
Capital city of Baja California, Mexico
year. The first factories appeared in the 1960s with the end of the Bracero program. A 1988 study found 100 factories in the city, including 10 electronics
Mexicali
American labor leader (1904–1994)
phase out in favor of the importation of cheaper, Mexican workers. The Bracero Program, active from 1942 to 1964, was the codification of that agenda. Strikers
Philip_Vera_Cruz
Anti-Vietnam War movement organized by Mexican-American activist groups (1960s-70s)
organization participated in its own right in a Chicano demonstration. A Chicano program on the local public television station produced a documentary of that march
Chicano_Moratorium
Expulsion of a person or group from a place or country
Operation Wetback temporarily relieved national hysteria, criticism of the Bracero program mounted."); David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans
Deportation
Bilateral relations between the United States of America and the United Mexican States
meant decreased U.S. demand for Mexican labor via the guest-worker Bracero Program and for Mexican raw materials to fuel a major war. For Mexican laborers
Mexico–United States relations
Mexico–United_States_relations
Series of articles by John Steinbeck
border, many of them arriving under the terms of the U.S. government's Bracero program. With the farm labor force no longer dominated by white Americans,
The_Harvest_Gypsies
Ideology of the Chicano movement
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Chicanismo
1982 United States Supreme Court case
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Plyler_v._Doe
Movements by Mexican-American artists
activist for the Chicano Park, developed the Chicano Park Monumental Mural Program, encouraging community members and artists to paint murals on the underpass
Chicano_art_movement
Ethnic group native to New Mexico
on Hispanic weavers. Later, with the Great Depression came government programs promoting weaving as a skill. Because of the relative isolation of these
Hispanos_of_New_Mexico
Customized bicycle
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
Lowrider_bicycle
Folklore written or spoken by Mexican Americans
Mexican man who, during WWII, came to the US for farm work under the Bracero program. Throughout the story he finds himself in awkward situations where
Mexican_American_folklore
Cultural region of Mexico
L.; Swords, Alicia C. S. (2010). Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA. University of Toronto Press. p. 175. ISBN 9781442601581.
Northern_Mexico
Italian people and their descendants living outside Italy
Italian-Mexican descent were granted citizenship in the United States under the Bracero program to address a labor shortage. Italian companies have invested in Mexico
Italian_diaspora
late 1960s with the end of the US farm labor agreement known as the bracero program. This sent many farm laborers back into the Northern border region
Economy_of_Mexico
Short story by Helena Maria Viramontes
Pre-Chicano Movement 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program California agricultural strikes Cantaloupe strike of 1928 Citrus Strike
The_Moths_(short_story)
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