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Formula for light yield per path length
Birks' law (named after British physicist John B. Birks) is an empirical formula for the light yield per path length as a function of the energy loss
Birks'_law
Surname list
Birks is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Anthony Birks (1941–2002), New Zealand Army officer, Chief of the General Staff and Chief
Birks_(surname)
British legal academic
Peter Brian Herrenden Birks QC FBA (3 October 1941 – 6 July 2004) was the Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Oxford from 1989 until his
Peter_Birks
Judgement of the Supreme Court of Canada
down a provincial law permitting municipalities to pass by-laws for the closing of stores on certain Catholic feast days. Henry Birks and Sons, a chain
Henry Birks & Sons (Montreal) Ltd v Montreal (City of)
Henry_Birks_&_Sons_(Montreal)_Ltd_v_Montreal_(City_of)
Law created by judicial precedent
"English Law" (London: Loncross Denholm Press, 2008), 484. E.g., R. C. van Caenegem, The Birth of the English Common Law 89–92 (1988). E.g., Peter Birks, Grant
Common_law
Area of laws governing ownership of real and personal property
University Press. Justinian (1987). Justinian's Institutes. translated by Peter Birks and Grant McLeod, with the Latin text of Paul Krueger. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
Property_law
American football player (born 1976)
The Birks have eight children. Birk established the HIKE Foundation in 2002, an educational nonprofit targeting at-risk Twin Cities' youth. Birk received
Matt_Birk
Topics referred to by the same term
Wikipedia. All pages with titles beginning with Birk All pages with titles containing Birk Berk (disambiguation) Birks (disambiguation) Burk (disambiguation) Burke
Birk
Legal remedy taking away a benefit wrongfully obtained
Peter Birks, Gareth Jones, Robert Goff, Ewan McKendrick, Andrew Burrows, and Robert Stevens. In Birks's conceptual analysis of the English law of obligations
Restitution and unjust enrichment
Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment
Set of legal principles supplementing but distinct from the Common Law
rationalised as part of a single body of law known as the law of unjust enrichment. Scholars such as Peter Birks and Andrew Burrows argue that in many cases
Equity_(law)
Material which glows when excited by ionizing radiation
known to show light output saturation when the energy density is large (Birks' law). The most common bases used in plastic scintillators are the aromatic
Scintillator
Law in Ancient Rome (c. 449 BC – AD 529)
An Introduction to Roman Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Nicholas, Barry; Birks, Peter (1989). New Perspectives in the Roman Law of Property. Oxford University
Roman_law
Learned society
The society awards the Peter Birks and Margaret Brazier Prizes for Outstanding Legal Scholarship, annually. The Peter Birks award is given to scholars who
The_Society_of_Legal_Scholars
Copenhagen Birk (Danish: Københavns Birk) was a Danish jurisdiction which existed from 1683 until 1817, covering much of suburban Copenhagen. The birk thing
Copenhagen_Birk
Creation and protection of asset funds
See P Birks, 'Rights, Wrongs and Remedies' (2000) 20 OJLS 1. But compare W Swadling, 'Explaining Resulting Trusts' (2008) 124 LQR 72. See P Birks, 'Equity
English_trust_law
Synthetic polymer
to a wide range of values for energy loss per unit length is given by Birks' law. PVT can be damaged by radiation with high stopping power, e.g. ion beams
Polyvinyl_toluene
University faculty in Belgrade, Serbia
its activities, e.g. the late Regius Professor of Civil Law Peter Birks from Oxford. The law school practices a two-cycle system of studies: the first
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law
University_of_Belgrade_Faculty_of_Law
American legal drama television series (1986–1994)
L.A. Law is an American legal drama television series created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher for NBC. It ran for eight seasons and 172 episodes
L.A._Law
Azerbaijani-American lawyer and presenter
University Law School and an LL.M. degree in international and comparative law from Georgetown University Law Center. Birk-Petersen first practiced law in Washington
Nargiz_Birk-Petersen
Regulation of the European Union
The Nature Restoration Law is a regulation (Regulation (EU) 2024/1991) of the European Union to protect the EU environments and restore its nature to
Nature_Restoration_Law
1993 studio album by Spyro Gyra
"Bahia" (Dave Samuels) – 5:08 "Kindred Spirit" (Tom Schuman) – 4:05 "Birks Law" (Beckenstein) – 4:36 "Same Difference" (Beckenstein, Fernandez) – 5:25
Dreams_Beyond_Control
Professorial chair at Oxford University
hundred articles. In 1988, Peter Birks was appointed, holding office until his death in 2004. He was a specialist on the law of Restitution. After a vacancy
Regius Professor of Civil Law (Oxford)
Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Oxford)
Legal concept under English Law
Peter Birks was instrumental in promoting the autonomy of unjust enrichment within the law of obligations in his seminal work Introduction to the Law of
English_unjust_enrichment_law
American film and television actor
Raye Birk (born May 27, 1943) is an American film and television actor. He appeared as Pahpshmir in the first and third installments of the Naked Gun films
Raye_Birk
"The Origins of the Glasgow Law School: The Professors of Civil Law, 1714-61". In Birks, Peter (ed.). The Life of the Law: Proceedings of the Tenth British
Regius Professor of Law (Glasgow)
Regius_Professor_of_Law_(Glasgow)
enrichment Peter Birks, Unjust Enrichment (2nd ed, 2005) 3-5. See generally, Virgo, Principles of the Law of Restitution (3rd ed, 2015); Burrows, Law of Restitution
Restitution_in_English_law
Canadian businessman Henry Birks and one of his sons. Higher education in Quebec List of universities in Quebec William and Henry Birks Building. McGill University
McGill School of Religious Studies
McGill_School_of_Religious_Studies
Law of real property in England and Wales
See P Birks, 'Before we begin: five keys to land law' in S Bright and J Dewar, Land Law: Themes and Perspectives (1998) 457, 459, describes land law as 'providing
English_land_law
27 July 2020. "Law alumnus awarded Yorke Prize from University of Cambridge". www.infonews.co.nz. Retrieved 27 July 2020. "Peter Birks Prizes for Outstanding
Jason_Varuhas
Law school of University College London
historian; Downing Professor of the Laws of England, University of Cambridge Peter Birks QC FBA – Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Oxford Andrew
UCL_Faculty_of_Laws
ecclesiastical and aristocratic birks with their own law courts and birk assemblies. After the Protestant Reformation, the ecclesiastical birks passed to the king
Birk_(market_place)
UK legal citation style guide
also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter Birks of the University of Oxford Faculty of Law, and now in its 5th edition (2026, Hart Publishing
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities
A. V. Dicey, William Blackstone, John Gardner, Timothy Endicott, Peter Birks, John Finnis, Andrew Ashworth, Joseph Raz, Jeremy Waldron, Leslie Green
List of University of Oxford people in the law
List_of_University_of_Oxford_people_in_the_law
Person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust
(PDF). 31 January 2018. P Birks, ‘The Content of Fiduciary Obligation’ (2000) 34 Israel Law Journal 3; (2002) 16 Trust Law International 34 M Conaglen
Fiduciary
(University) Francis Bennion Peter Birks (All Souls) William Blackstone (All Souls, New Inn Hall) first Vinerian Professor of English Law Ruth Chang (University)
List of University of Oxford academics by academic discipline
List_of_University_of_Oxford_academics_by_academic_discipline
Burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland
| The Birks Cinema - Aberfeldy". The Birks Cinema. Retrieved 29 September 2025. Krupitzer, Tracy (19 November 2015). "The Friends of the Birks Cinema"
Aberfeldy,_Perth_and_Kinross
Australian former Chief Justice
continued under Gleeson's tenure. In this role, he appeared as a judge in R v Birks, where it was found a trial counsel's proved incompetence was a ground of
Murray_Gleeson
[1936] HCA 41, (1936) 56 CLR 113 (17 August 1936), High Court (Australia). P Birks, ‘The Travails of Duress’ [1990] LMCLQ 342, argued there is a policy choice
Unconscionability in English law
Unconscionability_in_English_law
Sixth century codification of Roman law
of J. B. Moyle and Thomas Collett Sandars. More recent translations by Birks & McLeod are also available as facing editions with Krüger's Latin. Samuel
Institutes_(Justinian)
English theologian and controversialist
before him, Birks became second wrangler and second Smith's prizeman. Having joined the Church of England on leaving the university, Birks settled at Watton-at-Stone
Thomas_Rawson_Birks
19th century English minister
had participated in the Anti Corn Law League. Birks, Steve. "Freehold Land Societies". www.thepotteries.org. Steve Birks. Retrieved 14 September 2021. Beggs
James Taylor (nonconformist minister)
James_Taylor_(nonconformist_minister)
Type of contract in Roman law
of Roman Civil Law (Juta, 1976), chapter 12, p 169. Peter Birks, chap. 5 of The Roman Law of Obligations, ed. Eric Descheemaeker (Oxford: Oxford University
Obligatio_consensu
2010 police shooting in Seattle, Washington
Williams, a Native American woodcarver, was shot four times by Officer Ian Birk of the Seattle Police Department. Williams died at the scene. The shooting
Killing_of_John_T._Williams
English legal case
relevant contract. Peter Birks (1999). "Equity, conscience, and unjust enrichment". Melbourne University Law Review. 23 (1). Melbourne Law School. Retrieved
Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC
Westdeutsche_Landesbank_Girozentrale_v_Islington_LBC
Law of contracts in England and Wales
obligation to us". P Birks, The Roman Law of Obligations (2014) 10 P Birks (ed), The Classification of Obligations (1997) ch 1. P Birks, 'Unjust Enrichment
English_contract_law
Rural district in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
Birk-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بیرک شرقی) is in Birk District of Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is
Birk-e_Sharqi_Rural_District
common law of unjust enrichment. It has been described in the United Kingdom Supreme Court as "a corner-stone of common law restitution". As Peter Birks noted
Moses_v_Macferlan
1959 live album by Kenny Burrell with Art Blakey
follow reflect the listings of the physical LP, cassette, and CD releases. "Birks' Works" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 9:15 "Hallelujah" (Clifford Grey, Leo Robin
On_View_at_the_Five_Spot_Cafe
British lawyer and jurist (1921–2019)
Festschriften have been published in his honour. Neil MacCormick and Peter Birks (eds., 1985) The Legal Mind: Essays for Tony Honoré; Peter Cane and John
Tony_Honoré
Public university in Melbourne, Australia
corrosion science. Kate Buchanan ARC Future Fellow[citation needed] John Jonas, Birks Professor of Metallurgy, McGill University: Visiting Professor.[citation
Deakin_University
Public institution providing housing and relief for the poor
Welfare Placements". Fordham Law Review. 92: 2108. SSRN 4566892. Katz (1996), p. 29,31. Birk (2022), pp. 221, 226. Birk (2022), p. 17. "The County House:
Poorhouse
Estonian politician (1883–1942)
Ado Birk (also known as Aadu Birk, Aado Birk or Avdei Birk; 14 November [O.S. 2 November] 1883 – 2 February 1942), was an Estonian politician who was the
Ado_Birk
American actress and dancer (born 1944)
guest-starred on, among other series, Kate & Allie, Murphy Brown, Law & Order, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. From 2000 to 2007, Bishop starred
Kelly_Bishop
District in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
Birk District (Persian: بخش بیرک) is in Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Chahuk, whose population
Birk_District
homeland, and Freezenburg, the homeland of her deceased biological father Birk Balthazar. After becoming part of the royal family, she becomes the current
List of Sofia the First characters
List_of_Sofia_the_First_characters
Roman execution method
229 Translation by Justice Blume Justinian's Institutes. Translated by Birks, Peter; McLeod, Grant. London: Duckworth. 1987. p. 145 (correcting typo)
Poena_cullei
Immature soybean pod used as a specialty food
the Wayback Machine. "Regulation (EG) 1169/2011". Eur-Lex - European Union Law, European Union. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2025. Wikimedia Commons
Edamame
Sichuan cuisine dish
XU. "Mapa Tofu: How Chinese Cuisine Influenced the Table of Japanese?". Law, Kenneth (2004). Authentic Recipes from China. Singapore: Periplus Editions
Mapo_tofu
American actress filmography
2011, Bates starred as Harriet Korn on the NBC legal drama series Harry's Law, her first starring role on television. The show ran for two seasons and
Kathy_Bates_filmography
"Internet revolution gathers pace with online legal answers and a Twitter "law firm"". Legal Futures. Retrieved 22 March 2022. "EXPERT ANSWERS LIMITED Company
List of Dragons' Den (British TV programme) offers Series 1-10
List_of_Dragons'_Den_(British_TV_programme)_offers_Series_1-10
American actress
https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/maggie-wheeler Retrieved July 28, 2024. Birk, Libby (2 August 2018). "'Chicago P.D.' Actress Marina Squerciati Claims
Maggie_Wheeler
English legal academic
was supervised by Peter Birks. Until 2008 he worked at King's College London, before spending a year as Professor of Property Law at Jesus College, Oxford
Charles Mitchell (legal scholar)
Charles_Mitchell_(legal_scholar)
Denniston as Eliza Doolittle, Lee Roy Reams as Alfred P. Doolittle, Raye Birk as Colonel Pickering, Diana Douglas as Mrs. Higgins, Michael Greenwood as
List_of_The_Muny_repertory
American actress (born 1968)
Nightwatch Katherine 1998 Goodbye Lover Sandra Dunmore The Hi-Lo Country Mona Birk 1999 Stigmata Frankie Paige Bringing Out the Dead Mary Burke 2000 Little
Patricia_Arquette
American right-wing advocacy group
When jazz trumpeter John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie launched a joke presidential campaign in 1963, fans created a "John Birks Society" to campaign for him
John_Birch_Society
former Downing Professor of the Laws of England, University of Cambridge Peter Birks, former Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Oxford Dame Margaret
List of people associated with University College London in the Law
List_of_people_associated_with_University_College_London_in_the_Law
poet & es. Sandra Birdsell (b. 1942, Canada/Newfoundland), fiction wr. Anne Birk (1942–2009, Germany), nv., history wr. & pw. Winifred Birkett (1897–1975
List_of_women_writers_(A–L)
Can/R.152313 L. J. Berbrick. Can/R.85274 G. W. Billyard. Can/R.114455 J. R. Birk. Can/R.139106 E. A. Corke. Can/R.87950 N. J. Craib. Can/R.130841 C. Eastabrook
1946 New Year Honours (Mentioned in Dispatches)
1946_New_Year_Honours_(Mentioned_in_Dispatches)
American author, actor, and activist (1955–2018)
Lady, the Lover, the Legend. Greystone Books. p. 202. ISBN 9781553654407. Birk, Libby (September 5, 2018). "Actor and JFK Nephew Christopher Lawford Dead
Christopher_Lawford
Group of eight American universities
Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and Justin Watson
Ivy_League
Bush graduated from Harvard Business School, Hayes and Obama from Harvard Law School, and the others from Harvard College. Over 150 Nobel Prize winners
List of Harvard University people
List_of_Harvard_University_people
English law case
on Contract (2nd edn Hart 2009) 709 A Burrows, Cases and Materials on Contract (2nd edn Hart 2009) P Birks, ‘The Travails of Duress’ [1990] LMCLQ 342
Atlas_Express_Ltd._v_Kafco
Black 34 M July 13, 1984 Miami-Dade Daniel Pridgen, Frank Meli, and Katrina Birk 8 Ernest John Dobbert Jr. White 46 M September 7, 1984 Duval Kelley Dobbert
List of people executed in Florida
List_of_people_executed_in_Florida
Indian professor of Comparative Religion (born 1940)
Arvind Sharma (born 13 January 1940) is the Birks Professor of Comparative Religion at McGill University. Sharma's works focus on Hinduism, philosophy
Arvind_Sharma
Name list
philosopher Graham Birkett (born 1954), Scottish rugby union player Graham Birks (born 1942), English footballer Graham Bizzell (1941–2014), Australian cricketer
Graham_(given_name)
American mobster (born 1946)
Because of his close relationship with Bufalino and his hitman Frank Sheeran, law enforcement had long believed that D'Elia knew many details of Bufalino's
William_D'Elia
American films of 1996
Boyle, Danny Nucci, Peter Dobson, Luca Bercovici, Valente Rodriguez, Raye Birk, Janet MacLachlan, Tony Genaro, Laura Cerón, Demetrius Navarro, Michael Chieffo
List of American films of 1996
List_of_American_films_of_1996
American actress (1900–1974)
"The Invaders" My Sister Eileen Aunt Harriet 2 episodes 1963–1965 Burke's Law Pauline Moss Dona Ynez Ortega y Esteban Liz Haggerty 2 episodes 1964 Channing
Agnes_Moorehead
Academic and professional education in the laws of England
seven mandatory subjects for a qualifying law degree has provoked criticism from legal academics. Peter Birks argued that the 'core' approach unduly restricts
Legal_education_in_England
Name list
American educator Douglas Binnie (1890–1969), New Zealand cricketer Douglas Birks (1919–2004), English cricketer Douglas Bischoff (1926–1991), American politician
Douglas_(given_name)
American member of the British royal family (born 1981)
After Markle and Harry's first appearance as a couple, brands Mackage, Birks, R&R Jewelers, Crown Jewelers, and Everlane noted an upswing in their website
Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex
1927 United States Supreme Court case
material from this U.S government document. Pfander, James E., and Daniel D. Birk. "Article III Judicial Power, the Adverse-Party Requirement, and Non-Contentious
Postum Cereal Co. v. California Fig Nut Co.
Postum_Cereal_Co._v._California_Fig_Nut_Co.
Prime Minister of Estonia since 2024
He studied law at University Nord in Tallinn and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 2009. He has been pursuing a master's degree in law at Tallinn
Kristen_Michal
41 billion in sales. It sold the Dayton-Hudson Jewelers subsidiary to Henry Birks & Sons of Montreal. In 1983, Kenneth Dayton, the last Dayton family member
History_of_Target_Corporation
Irish musician (1971–2018)
from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020. Libby, Birk (15 January 2018). "Dolores O'Riordan Back Problems". Pop Culture. Archived
Dolores_O'Riordan
Traditional Scottish folk song
Smallville Season 7 Episode 19, the tune is featured under the title "The Birks of St Kilde." It is played by a grandfather clock and later by Lex Luthor
The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond
The_Bonnie_Banks_o'_Loch_Lomond
Term for some early legal textbooks
Essoniorum"." In The Life of the Law: Proceedings of the Tenth British Legal History Conference, Oxford, 1991. Vol. 1991. Peter Birks, ed. London: Hambledon Press
Books_of_authority
Concept in UK law
Maher, Gerry (1986), "Natural Justice as Fairness", in MacCormick, Neil; Birks, Peter (eds.), The Legal Mind: Essays for Tony Honoré, Oxford: Clarendon
Natural_justice
Name list
Bird (1931–2016), British Anglican priest, physician and academic Anthony Birks (1941–2002), New Zealand army general Anthony Birley (1937–2020), British
Anthony
British legal scholar
An Introduction to Roman Law is a standard text in the study of Roman law. Upon Nicholas' death on 3 March 2002, Peter Birks memorialized his work on
Barry_Nicholas
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
Chahuk (Persian: چاهوک is a village in Birk-e Sharqi Rural District of Birk District, Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving
Chahuk,_Mehrestan
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
journal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Paul J. Crutzen and John W. Birks began preparing for the 1982 publication of a calculation on the effects
Nuclear_winter
Morello, Bruce French, John Hostetter, Rick Worthy, Larry Anderson, Raye Birk, Peggy Miley, Claudette Nevins, Joseph Ruskin, McKenzie Westmore 18 The General
List of American films of 1998
List_of_American_films_of_1998
German shoe manufacturer
new competing brands within the Birkenstock Group. In the early 1990s, "Birks" enjoyed another spike in sales among high-school and college-aged Gen X'ers
Birkenstock
American lawyer Peter Beverley, English-born planter and lawyer Peter Birks (1941–2004), British legal academic Peter Blanchard (born 1942), New Zealand
List of people with given name Peter
List_of_people_with_given_name_Peter
Jones, The Law of Restitution (1st ed, 1966); Peter Birks, An Introduction to the Law of Restitution (1985); Virgo, Principles of the Law of Restitution
Form_of_action
seek re-election. Ian Birk, Washington Court of Appeals Division I judge Sean O'Donnell, King County superior court judge Ian Birk State officials Patty
2026 Washington Supreme Court election
2026_Washington_Supreme_Court_election
Estonian politician and diplomat (born 1977)
election to Riigikogu, she was a lawyer specialising in European competition law. Kallas has taken a strong stance against Russia, advocating robust sanctions
Kaja_Kallas
American company specializing in greeting cards and gifts
spokesperson said that the card was intended as parody, protected under fair use law. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reviewed the case and "denied
Hallmark_Cards
British biologist (1903–1981)
Mendelian genetics, taught by the myriapodologist Stanley Graham Brade-Birks. Darlington's interest in the subject began after he discovered Thomas Hunt
C._D._Darlington
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Chipping of Birds
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bink; this is much the commoner form of the surname in the British Isles.
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord of Birds
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Birks (see Birch).North German : variant of Berkes.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chirp of birds
Boy/Male
Indian
Sound of Birds
Boy/Male
French
Lives in a fortress.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Birks.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Birds
Boy/Male
American, British, Danish, English, French, German, Scottish, Swedish
Place Name; Where Birch Trees Grow; From the Fortified Settlement; From a Birch Tree; Bright; Shining
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Eagle; God of Birds; Garuda; King of Birds
Boy/Male
Assamese, Indian
Koyal Birds Sound
Boy/Male
English French Scottish
Birch tree.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim
Voice of Birds
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Barkus or Bark.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Mythological, Sanskrit
King of Birds
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Chirpping of Birds
Boy/Male
English
Birch Island
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Birks, itself a variant of Birch.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Birks.
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW
BIRKS LAW