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Material consisting of two layers of graphene
Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper
Bilayer_graphene
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
properties of bilayer graphene. One way to synthesize bilayer graphene is via chemical vapor deposition, which can produce large bilayer regions that almost
Graphene
Electrical behaviour of layered materials
materials can change their electrical properties. Materials such as bilayer graphene have been shown to have vastly different electronic behavior, ranging
Twistronics
Any of the structures related to and formed from single sheets of graphene
high-strength monolayer graphene (HSMG). The process is based on graphene growth on a liquid metal matrix. Bilayer graphene displays the anomalous quantum
Graphene_morphology
of new graphene materials, and favoured by massive cost decreases in graphene production. Researchers in 2011 discovered the ability of graphene to accelerate
Potential applications of graphene
Potential_applications_of_graphene
Self-reinforcing single wave packet
walls depending on the type of localized stacking order in twisted bilayer graphene. Different slip directions of the walls are achieved with different
Soliton
neutral graphene. In bilayer graphene, the quantum Hall effect is also observed but with only one of the two anomalies. The Hall conductivity in bilayer graphene
Electronic properties of graphene
Electronic_properties_of_graphene
Double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
Layered materials, such as graphene, boron nitride, or transition metal dichalcogenides, have unique electronic properties as bilayer systems and are an active
Bilayer
Canadian-American physicist (born 1951)
Prize in Physics, for predicting the magic angle that turns twisted bilayer graphene into a superconductor. He was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
Allan_H._MacDonald
Israeli physicist
theoretical physics of bilayer graphene, and specifically twisted bilayer graphene. Their calculations predicted that two parallel graphene sheets twisted at
Rafi_Bistritzer
Interference pattern
doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.42. ISSN 2058-8437. APS Physics - Trend: Bilayer Graphene's Wicked, Twisted Road Yin, Xi; Liu, Xinhong; Pan, Yung-Tin; Walsh,
Moiré_pattern
Type of magnetometer
count spins. In 2022 a SQUID was constructed on magic angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) A very common use case of SQUIDs is in magnetometry, where
SQUID
Methods to make single-atom-thick carbon sheets
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. Isolated 2D crystals
Graphene production techniques
Graphene_production_techniques
Crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms
assemblies. For example, bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal
Single-layer_materials
Fractal describing electrons in a magnetic field
butterfly, as expected. In 2021 the butterfly was observed in twisted bilayer graphene at the second magic angle. In his original paper, Hofstadter considers
Hofstadter's_butterfly
Brazilian-born physicist
theoretical aspects of graphene such as the effect of vacancies in the electronic properties; the electronic properties of bilayer graphene; superconductivity;
Antonio_H._Castro_Neto
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
1103/PhysRevLett.128.201301. PMID 35657861. S2CID 248904936. Bedford, Bailey. "Bilayer graphene inspires two-universe cosmological model". Joint Quantum Institute
Multiverse
Physical phenomenon
cryogenic cooler. In 2021 an analog effect has been observed on twisted bilayer graphene and in TMDs. Lee, David M. (1 July 1997). "The extraordinary phases
Pomeranchuk_cooling
Polymorph of silicon dioxide
J. H.; Kaiser, U; Krasheninnikov, A. V. (2013). "Defects in bilayer silica and graphene: common trends in diverse hexagonal two-dimensional systems"
2D_silica
absorptivity. The application of electric fields transverse to staggered graphene bilayers generates a shift in Fermi energy and an artificial, non-zero band
Graphene_lens
Decay of strong electromagnetic fields into particles
Dirac point of a superlattice of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride (G/hBN) and another one of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG). An interpretation as Zener–Klein
Schwinger_effect
Scattering theory
theoretically studied in monolayer graphene. The Born approximation has also been used to calculate conductivity in bilayer graphene and to approximate the propagation
Born_approximation
American chemist
single-crystal graphene by chemical vapor deposition on copper, Cu/Ni alloy, and sapphire. Their studies addressed orientation, adlayers, bilayer/trilayer stacking
Rodney_S._Ruoff
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
2D materials involved a twisted bilayer graphene sheet (2018, Tc ~1.7 K, 1.1° twist). A twisted three-layer graphene device was later shown to superconduct
Superconductivity
American condensed matter physicist
graphene, including the detection of ballistic transport of charge carriers and the observation of Van Hove singularity in twisted bilayer graphene.
Eva_Andrei
Materials made only out of carbon
silicon in high-performance electronic devices. With two layers stacked, bilayer graphene results with different properties. Lonsdaleite is an allotrope sometimes
Allotropes_of_carbon
Compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
yield monomolecular sheets, known as graphene oxide by analogy to graphene, the single-layer form of graphite. Graphene oxide sheets have been used to prepare
Graphite_oxide
Graphene nanoparticle with a size less than 100nm
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm. Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable
Graphene_quantum_dot
Materials science term
(2019). "Maximized electron interactions at the magic angle in twisted bilayer graphene". Nature. 572 (7767): 95–100. arXiv:1812.08776. Bibcode:2019Natur.572
Heterostrain
Taiwanese theoretical physicist
Hsien-Ching (2011). Electronic and Optical Properties of Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene Nanoribbons (PhD thesis). National Cheng Kung University. hdl:11296/y78afx
Ming-Fa_Lin
Allotrope of carbon
by the thermal- and plasma-treatment of graphene nanopowders at ~1,500 °C. The formation of AA' bilayer graphene nuclei facilitates the preferred texture
AA'-graphite
Spanish-Argentine physical chemist
chemistry. Later, she conducted ARPES studies on a heterostructure made of bilayer graphene (BLG) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which is back gated with an
Maria_Asensio
Chinese electrical engineer and physicist
postdoctoral research in Pablo Jarillo-Herrero's group studying graphene. Bilayer graphene Cao, Yuan. "Yuan Cao". Retrieved 13 January 2021. 張子清. "「自然」雜誌公布年度十大科學人物
Yuan_Cao
045401. S2CID 119255776. Park, C. (2015). "Electronic Properties of Bilayer Graphene Strongly Coupled to Interlayer Stacking and an External Electric Field"
Phonovoltaic
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, discovered superconductivity in bilayer graphene with one layer twisted at an angle of approximately 1.1 degrees with
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Class of chemical compounds
(CsC8·K2H4/3C8 (stage 1)). In situ adsorption on free-standing graphene and intercalation in bilayer graphene of the alkali metals K, Cs, and Li was observed by means
Graphite intercalation compound
Graphite_intercalation_compound
One of six awards of the Wolf Foundation
Israel "For pioneering theoretical and experimental work on twisted bilayer graphene." Pablo Jarillo-Herrero United States Allan H. MacDonald 2021 Giorgio
Wolf_Prize_in_Physics
Special point in the density of states of a crystal
the Intrinsic and Robust Nature of van Hove Singularities in Twisted Bilayer Graphene by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Theoretical Analysis". Physical
Van_Hove_singularity
– Research from Brown University discovered fractional excitons in bilayer graphene under the fractional quantum Hall effect, expanding excitonic understanding
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
Fractional excitons are a class of quantum particles discovered in bilayer graphene systems under the fractional quantum Hall effect. These excitons form
Exciton
Ghanaian-British chemist
Watanabe, Kenji; Bediako, D. Kwabena (2021). "Strain fields in twisted bilayer graphene". Nature Materials. 20 (7): 956–963. arXiv:2008.09761. Bibcode:2021NatMa
Kwabena_Bediako
Refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with formula BN
oxidation resistance than graphene. Monolayer boron nitride is not oxidized till 700 °C and can sustain up to 850 °C in air; bilayer and trilayer boron nitride
Boron_nitride
Type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale
Geim and Novoselov et al. initiated the field in 2004 when they reported graphene as a new semiconducting material, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms arranged
Two-dimensional_semiconductor
electronic reconstruction at the van der Waals interface in twisted bilayer graphene". Nature Materials. 18: 448–453. arXiv:1804.03806. doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0346-z
Efthimios_Kaxiras
Theoretical model in physics
(2023-08-02). "Strange metal phase of disordered magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene at low temperatures: From flat bands to weakly coupled Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev
Fermi_liquid_theory
Asensio, M.-C.; Vignaud, D. (June 6, 2016). "NanoARPES of twisted bilayer graphene on SiC: absence of velocity renormalization for small angles". Scientific
Nano-ARPES
Lattice generalizations of the fractional quantum Hall effect
{\displaystyle |C|=1} band have been claimed to be observed in twisted bilayer graphene close to the magic angle, yet again requiring a magnetic field, of
Fractional_Chern_insulator
Material with changing electrical resistance according to its surroundings
Zare, M. (2014). "Conductance modulation of charged lipid bilayer using electrolyte-gated graphene-field effect transistor". Nanoscale Res Lett. 9 (9): 371
Chemiresistor
Chinese physicist
contributions to the elucidation of electronic properties of monolayer and bilayer graphene." "Yuanbo Zhang group". Fudan University. Reich, Eugenie Samuel (2010)
Yuanbo_Zhang
U.S. Navy research laboratory
(1 August 2014). "Membrane amplitude and triaxial stress in twisted bilayer graphene deciphered using first-principles directed elasticity theory and scanning
United States Naval Research Laboratory
United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory
Spanish physicist
"Helical edge states and fractional quantum Hall effect in a graphene electron–hole bilayer". Nature Nanotechnology. 12 (2). Springer Science and Business
Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero
Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
Tosatto, S; Corso, A J; Zuccon, S; Pelizzo, M G (2013-05-01). "Graphene–noble metal bilayers for inverted surface plasmon resonance biosensors". Journal
Surface_plasmon_resonance
1103/PhysRevLett.128.201301. PMID 35657861. S2CID 248904936. Bedford, Bailey. "Bilayer graphene inspires two-universe cosmological model". Joint Quantum Institute
2022_in_science
Material made up of a single layer of lead atoms
of lead atoms. The material is created in a process similar to that of graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene, in which high vacuum and high temperature
Plumbene
Materials chemist and academic
identified a new quantum state in twisted bilayer tungsten ditelluride. In confined electrons, twisted bilayer graphene are strongly correlated, forming one-dimensional
Leslie_Schoop
oxidation resistance than graphene. Monolayer boron nitride is not oxidized till 700 °C and can sustain up to 850 °C in air; bilayer and trilayer boron nitride
Boron_nitride_nanosheet
Physicist and academic
known for his research on statistical physics, condensed matter theory, graphene and Dirac semimetals, many-body localization, fracton phases of matter
Rahul_Nandkishore
and experimental contributions to the physics of magic angle twisted bilayer graphene and related moiré quantum devices." Tel Aviv University Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics
List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics
Polish-Canadian physicist
symmetry broken states of interacting massive Dirac Fermions in a bilayer graphene quantum dot". Nano Letters. 23: 7546. "Division of Condensed Matter
Pawel_Hawrylak
Crystalline structure of phosphorus
Phosphorene is analogous to graphene (single layer graphite). Among two-dimensional materials, phosphorene is a competitor to graphene because it has a nonzero
Phosphorene
Chemical compound
"Enhancement of the Magnetoelectric Effect in Multiferroic CoFe2O4/PZT Bilayer by Induced Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
Cobalt_ferrite
contamination. Approximately three bilayers of SiC are necessary to set free enough carbon atoms needed for the formation of one graphene layer. This number can be
Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide
Epitaxial_graphene_growth_on_silicon_carbide
Superconductive materials not explained by existing established theories
states induced in graphene. Publications in March 2018 provided evidence for unconventional superconducting properties of a graphene bilayer where one layer
Unconventional_superconductor
Potential cancer treatment
template. In this case, drug can also be encapsulated inside and/or in bilayer and the release can be triggered by laser light. The failure of clinical
Photothermal_therapy
of the exact number of layers in layered materials such as (few layer) graphene, hexagonal boron nitride and some transition metal dichalcogenides. In
Low-energy electron microscopy
Low-energy_electron_microscopy
Electronics that can bend and stretch
modulus, tear resistance, and softness. The skin can be considered as a bilayer of epidermis and dermis. The epidermal layer has a modulus of about 140-600
Stretchable_electronics
Technique for making thin films
composites from graphene oxide harbingered the appearance of numerous graphene and graphene oxide composites later on. The first use of reduced graphene oxide composites
Layer_by_layer
materials, most notably graphene, in electronic devices. This included seminal papers on field-effect transistor operation in graphene, on using boron nitride
Kenneth_L_Shepard
Allotrope of boron
It can be stronger than graphene, and more flexible, in some configurations. Boron nanotubes are also stiffer than graphene, with a higher 2D Young's
Borophene
two-atomic-layer limit and modulated by the Fe-Pd content within the bilayer. The FePd bilayer remains half-metallic at room temperature, is structurally robust
Half-metal
American award in condensed matter physics
Institute of Technology For the discovery of superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene. 2021 Moty Heiblum Weizmann Institute of Science For discoveries, enabled
Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize
Electronics mimicking skin functionalities
hosts to develop self-healing conductive composites. Flexible and porous graphene foams that are interconnected in a 3D manner have also been shown to have
Electronic_skin
Thin semiconductors
anomalous giant magnetoresistance and superconductivity. The discovery of graphene shows how new physical properties emerge when a bulk crystal of macroscopic
Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers
Phenomena that occur when a superconductor is in contact with a non-superconductor
was observed in graphene by the Morpurgo research group. The experiments have been done on nanometer scale devices made of single graphene layers with superimposed
Proximity effect (superconductivity)
Proximity_effect_(superconductivity)
Pore of nanometer size
pore-forming protein or as a hole in synthetic materials such as silicon or graphene. When a nanopore is present in an electrically insulating membrane, it
Nanopore
Bond transition dependent defect in the structure of molecular materials
J. H.; Kaiser, U; Krasheninnikov, A. V. (2013). "Defects in bilayer silica and graphene: common trends in diverse hexagonal two-dimensional systems"
Stone–Wales_defect
Type of rechargeable battery
separation. Energy density reached 337 mAh/g. Carbon arsenide (AsC5) mono/bilayer has been explored as an anode material due to high specific capacity (794/596 mAh/g)
Sodium-ion_battery
Class of atomically thin materials
properties such as ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism. After the discovery of graphene in 2004, the family of (regular) 2D materials has grown rapidly, and since
Magnetic_2D_materials
Occurrence in collective excitations
and for magnons in materials and polaritons in microcavities in 2006. Graphene is another important solid state system for studies of condensed matter
Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein_condensation_of_quasiparticles
Indian-American physicist (born 1960)
composite-fermion framework to include the spin (or valley) degree of freedom and to bilayers, and successfully predicted the phase diagram of composite-fermion crystals
Jainendra_K._Jain
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
defect-free molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si) multilayers (consisting of 50 Mo/Si bilayers, which have a theoretical reflectivity limit at 13.5 nm of ~75%) that act
EUV_lithography
Design method for proteins
back. These alpha-helices sometimes attach to surface of membrane lipid bilayer, or partially buried to the hydrophobic core and partially close to the
QTY_Code
Single closely packed layer of entities such as atoms
monolayers form spontaneously on surfaces. Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials. A Langmuir
Monolayer
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
opposite electrode and being wasted. Many modern OLEDs incorporate a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a conductive layer and an emissive layer. In 2011
OLED
Solution of amphiphilic molecules which has both fluid and crystalline properties
consists of amphiphilic molecules arranged in bilayer sheets separated by layers of water. Each bilayer is a prototype of the arrangement of lipids in
Lyotropic_liquid_crystal
Probe which tests for biological molecules
ring structures, has proven graphene to be an excellent candidate as a biosensor transducer. As a result, various graphene-based biosensors have been explored
Biosensor
González, José D.; Iyoda, Masahiko; Rabe, Jürgen P. (2017-03-10). "Templated bilayer self-assembly of fully conjugated π-expanded macrocyclic oligothiophenes
Jürgen_P._Rabe
Synthesized biomolecular magnetic particles
consisting either of elementary Iron or Cobalt with a nonreactive shell made of graphene have been synthesized recently. The advantages compared to ferrite or elemental
Magnetic_nanoparticles
Topological bound state of an electron
also occur at zero magnetic field in twisted semiconductor bilayers or multilayer graphene, as evidenced by the appearance of the Jain sequences in these
Composite_fermion
hexagonal boron nitride (2D h-BN) is a material of comparable structure to graphene with potential applications in e.g. photonics., fuel cells and as a substrate
Synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride
Synthesis_of_hexagonal_boron_nitride
Chemical compound
The Eg mode is red-shifted when more layers are stacked. (166 cm−1 for bilayer and 155 cm−1 for bulk material) The A1g emission only has a slight change
Platinum_diselenide
Chinese scientist
of low-dimensional materials. In 1997, Zeng predicted a two-dimensional bilayer hexagonal ice structure, later nicknamed the "Nebraska ice," a novel phase
Xiao_Cheng_Zeng
Organic compound
effects. Ethanol kills microorganisms by dissolving their membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their proteins, and is effective against most bacteria,
Ethanol
(such as lithium manganese oxide). More experimental materials include graphene-containing electrodes, although these remain far from commercially viable
Lithium-ion battery components
Lithium-ion_battery_components
Chemical compound
hydrogen atoms from tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid bilayer. As such, it may be an important initiator of lipid peroxidation. Because
Hydroperoxyl
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
Oliver G.; Schmidt, Heidemarie (2014). "Exploiting Memristive BiFeO3 Bilayer Structures for Compact Sequential Logics". Advanced Functional Materials
Memristor
Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
Waveguide Spectroscopy and Its Application to Study of Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation Kinetics". Analytical Chemistry. 80 (10): 3666–76. Bibcode:2008AnaCh
Surface_science
Ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface
nanoscience research following the development of nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and boron nitride nanomesh. Wetting of a solid material
Wetting
Sumio Iijima and colleagues in 1999 to a horn-shaped sheath aggregate of graphene sheets. Very similar structures had been observed in 1994 by Peter J.F
Single-walled_carbon_nanohorn
Chemical compound
in a few reports researchers have formed a bilayer structure with other materials like polymers, graphene and other semiconductors. In a report p-i-n
Bismuth_ferrite
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