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Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria
The bacterial capsule is a large structure common to many bacteria. It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope, and is thus deemed
Bacterial_capsule
Reaction in which antibodies bind to bacterial capsule
reaction, is a biochemical reaction in which antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
Quellung_reaction
Topics referred to by the same term
surrounding a synovial joint Bacterial capsule, a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule), a sac surrounding a
Capsule
Domain of microorganisms
bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in
Bacteria
Chemical used for the detection and quantification of bacterial endotoxins
polyphemus. LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the bacterial capsule, the outermost membrane
Limulus_amebocyte_lysate
Chemical compound
Enterobacteriaceae family. It is excreted by the cell to form a protective bacterial capsule, and it assists in the formation of biofilms. Colanic acid is composed
Colanic_acid
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
commonly produce a bacterial capsule, a thick, mucus-like layer of polysaccharide. The capsule cloaks antigenic proteins on the bacterial surface that would
Polysaccharide
Species of bacterium
Lancefield classification of streptococci. GBS are surrounded by a bacterial capsule composed of polysaccharides (exopolysaccharide). The species is subclassified
Streptococcus_agalactiae
Weakened form of a toxin, often used for vaccines
attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in the bacterial capsule. Formaldehyde seems to inactivate toxins by inducing crosslinking
Toxoid
Classifications of antibodies
them efficient at binding antigens with repetitive epitopes (e.g. bacterial capsule, viral capsid) and activation of complement cascade. As IgM antibodies
Isotype_(immunology)
of which regulates the production of polysaccharides making up the bacterial capsule. These polysaccharides help protect the bacteria from harsh environments
CPS_operon
Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria
have an S-layer and a capsule. These structures are often lost during laboratory cultivation. The plasma membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is
Bacterial_cell_structure
Type of vaccine
One prominent group includes the polysacchides that make up the bacterial capsule, a structure that, among other functions, helps the bacteria evade
Conjugate_vaccine
The type IX secretion system is a specialized protein bacterial secretion system found in the Fibrobacteres-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes superphylum. It plays
Type_IX_secretion_system
Basic unit of life forms
for some bacteria, is covered by a third layer, a gelatinous bacterial capsule. The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci, meningococci or polypeptide
Cell_(biology)
Molecule triggering an immune response
to crosslink B cell receptors and directly activate the B cells. Bacterial capsule polysaccharides are a common example. Immunodominant antigens – Antigens
Antigen
Chemical compound
between the positively charged bacterial capsule and the negatively charged 8-octyl cyanoacrylate destabilizes the cell capsule of the bacteria, killing it
2-Octyl_cyanoacrylate
Species of bacterium
carbohydrate-based bacterial capsule composed of hyaluronic acid surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from phagocytosis by neutrophils. In addition, the capsule and
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Species of bacterium
either encapsulated (having an extracellular polysaccharide layer, the bacterial capsule) or unencapsulated. Encapsulated strains were further classified on
Haemophilus_influenzae
Unorganized layer of extracellular material surrounding bacteria cells
due to slower metabolic activity. A bacterial capsule is similar, but is more rigid than the slime layer. Capsules are more organized and difficult to
Slime_layer
Protective outer structure of bacterial cells
envelope is not present in the Mollicutes where the cell wall is absent. Bacterial cell envelopes fall into two major categories: a gram-positive type which
Cell_envelope
Class of chemical compounds
glycans and derivatives with β-1,2 branches are commonly found in the bacterial capsule. Cyclic β-1,3-1,6 glycans are mostly found in the periplasm with an
Beta-glucan
Vaccine that contains antigenic parts of the pathogen
Salmonella enterica. Instead of being a protein, the Vi antigen is a bacterial capsule polysacchide, made up of a long sugar chain linked to a lipid. Capsular
Subunit_vaccine
Medical condition
macrophages in the spleen. These include common human pathogens with bacterial capsules (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria meningitidis
Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection
Overwhelming_post-splenectomy_infection
Bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test
by a bacterial enzyme DD-transpeptidase. A much smaller volume of periplasm than that in gram-negative bacteria. Only some species have a capsule, usually
Gram-positive_bacteria
Protective structure formed by bacteria
vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot form endospores. Examples of bacterial species that can form endospores include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis
Endospore
Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent
Caliciviruses Picornaviruses Reoviruses Astroviruses Hepeviridae Bacterial capsule Cell envelope HURLBERT, RONALD E. Fundamentals of Microbiology 102
Viral_envelope
Human infectious disease
endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS make B. pseudomallei resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once
Melioidosis
Vaccine for the prevention of typhoid
around 55%. The Vi polysaccharide, or Vi antigen, is part of the bacterial capsule found outside of the typhoid bacterium, Salmonella enterica subsp
Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine
Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine
actinomycosis and trichinosis and discovered a method of staining bacterial capsules. He studied in Dresden. 1879 he became professor for Pathology at
Heinrich_Albert_Johne
Vaginal cosmetics
Passion Dust Intimacy Capsules were a novelty cosmetic product, introduced in 2017, that consisted of capsules full of small, glittering particles, intended
Passion_Dust
Pharmaceutical compound
infections including yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. It is administered as a capsule or suppository inserted into the vagina
Boric_acid_(vaginal)
Film of microorganisms on a surface
pili which are homologous to the bacterial TasA filaments, a major component of the extracellular matrix in bacterial biofilms, which contribute to biofilm
Biofilm
Amino acid and neurotransmitter
nature, but the d form occurs in some special contexts, such as the bacterial capsule and cell walls of bacteria (which produce it from the l form with
Glutamic_acid
Antigen which strongly activates the immune system
also regulate mechanisms of immune evasion such as M protein and Bacterial capsule expression, supporting the hypothesis that SAg production evolved
Superantigen
Infection or inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membranes
sensitivity, and seizure. The organisms which cause meningoencephalitis include bacterial pathogens, protozoans, and viruses.[citation needed] Veterinarians have
Meningoencephalitis
the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list covers bacterial proteins. For other protein-related codes, see List of MeSH codes (D12
List of MeSH codes (D12.776.097)
List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.097)
Unit of reproduction adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions
the mid-late Ordovician period as an adaptation of early land plants. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used
Spore
Organ of the lymphatic system
node is a secondary lymphoid organ. A lymph node is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and is made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Lymph nodes become
Lymph_node
Beta-lactam antibiotic
aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin
Amoxicillin
Class of chemical compounds
they called colominic acid. Following this discovery, multiple other bacterial capsules abundant in glycans were found to contain polySia. This included Neisseia
Polysialic_acid
Beta-lactam antibiotic
treat a number of bacterial infections. It kills gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the growth of the bacterial cell wall. Cefalexin
Cefalexin
American physician-scientist
group B capsule shares structural features that are similar to sugars present in human tissues. Thus, stimulating antibodies to this bacterial capsule was
Dan_M._Granoff
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
type of pathogen involved. Common medications include: Antibiotics for bacterial infections. Antivirals for viral infections. Antifungals for fungal infections
Infection
Transfer process in genetics
[citation needed] The new virus capsule that contains part bacterial DNA then infects another bacterial cell. When the bacterial DNA packaged into the virus
Transduction_(genetics)
Antibacterial drug
time of delivery. While it usually works by slowing bacterial growth, it may result in bacterial death at the high concentrations found in urine, provided
Nitrofurantoin
Species of bacterium
morphology on Gram stain, lancet-shaped diplococci. They have a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; more than 100 different
Streptococcus_pneumoniae
Removal of opacified lens from the eye
surrounding lens capsule in one piece. The procedure has a relatively high rate of complications in comparison to techniques in which the capsule is retained
Cataract_surgery
Medical condition
cerebrospinal fluid). The most common cause of neonatal meningitis is bacterial infection of blood, known as bacteremia. Organisms responsible are different;
Neonatal_meningitis
Informal group of fungi
annually. The cells of these yeast are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps to prevent them from being recognised and engulfed by white
Yeast
Species of pathogenic bacterium found in water
in 1996. V. vulnificus has a capsule, made of polysaccharides, and is thought to protect against phagocytosis. The capsule also aids the bacteria in escaping
Vibrio_vulnificus
Major salivary gland in many animals
swelling of the gland within its fibrous capsule. Apart from viral infection, other infections, such as bacterial, can cause parotitis (acute suppurative
Parotid_gland
Stomach and intestinal infection
returning home, depending on the incubation period of the infectious agent. Bacterial TD typically begins abruptly, but Cryptosporidium may incubate for seven
Travelers'_diarrhea
Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects
tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis. Capsules play important
Virulence_factor
Disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi
antigen-antibody interactions. In this test, the serum is mixed with a dead bacterial suspension of Salmonella with specific antigens. If the patient's serum
Typhoid_fever
Medical condition
deficiencies, intestinal obstruction due to bezoars, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. There may also be poor glycemic control and irregular absorption
Gastroparesis
Antibiotic
medication ofloxacin. It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia, H. pylori (in combination with
Levofloxacin
Chemical to treat chronic bronchitis
forms, capsule or oral suspension. It is marketed by Pernix Therapeutics under the trade name Cedax. Ceftibuten is used to treat acute bacterial exacerbations
Ceftibuten
Biological process
bacteria and archaea. However, some processes in bacteria, including bacterial conjugation, transformation and transduction, may be considered analogous
Sexual_reproduction
Species of flowering plant
with three styles. The flowers are not fragrant. The fruit is a round capsule with a diameter of 3–5 mm. It has six teeth near its tip and six chambers
Moehringia_lateriflora
Infection that affects part of the urinary tract
year. They are more common in women than men, and are the most common bacterial infection in women. Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection
Urinary_tract_infection
Accumulation of pus within the brain
inflammation (referred to as cerebritis), the immature lesion does not have a capsule, and it may be difficult to distinguish it from other space-occupying lesions
Brain_abscess
Species of bacterium
based on the capsule and one of 16 Heddleston serovars (1–16) based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To classify a strain serologically, the capsule and the LPS
Pasteurella_multocida
Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope
or absence of endospores, which make bacteria very difficult to kill. Bacterial spores have proven to be difficult to stain as they are not permeable
Staining
Ability of bacteria to move independently using metabolic energy
Bacterial motility is the ability of bacteria to move independently using metabolic energy. Most motility mechanisms that evolved among bacteria also
Bacterial_motility
Species of Gram-positive bacterium
the causal agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Its large polysaccharide capsule protects the organism from recognition by the cow's immune defenses. Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus_aureus
Third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic
Suprax among others, is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. These infections include otitis media, strep throat, pneumonia
Cefixime
Experiment demonstrating transfer of genetic information
strain which was nonvirulent. The III-S strain synthesized a polysaccharide capsule that protected itself from the host's immune system, resulting in the death
Griffith's_experiment
Chemical compound
name Omnicef among others, is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections including bacterial pneumonia, other respiratory tract infections, otitis media
Cefdinir
Medical condition
[citation needed] Polysaccharide capsule—prevents phagocytosis by host immune cells by inhibiting C3b opsonization of the bacterial cells Pneumolysin (Ply)—a
Pneumococcal_infection
Disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacterium
plague, by detecting the presence of bacterial genes such as the pla gene (plasmogen activator) and caf1 gene, (F1 capsule antigen). PCR testing requires a
Plague_(disease)
2013 video game
predecessors, Dr. Luigi's gameplay revolves around tile-matching pill capsules with their associated virus to clear them from the playing field. The primary
Dr._Luigi
Antibiotic
Azasite (as an eye drop), is an antibiotic medication used to treat several bacterial infections. These include middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia
Azithromycin
Outermost layer of some cells
polysaccharides, such as carrageenan and agar, distinct from those in land plants. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls vary in composition
Cell_wall
Localized collection of pus in body tissue
pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection. Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth
Abscess
Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
the therapeutic use of bacteriophages for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. This therapeutic approach emerged at the beginning of the
Phage_therapy
Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria
bacterium's two principal virulence factors: the poly-D-glutamic acid capsule, which protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by host neutrophils; and
Anthrax
Catalase-positive bacterium
bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production
Bacillus_subtilis
Tetracycline-class antibiotic
infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites. It is used to treat bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, Lyme disease, cholera, typhus,
Doxycycline
Carbohydrate-rich layer at the periphery of a cell
surface component of a bacterial cell, found just outside the bacterial cell wall. A distinct, gelatinous glycocalyx is called a capsule, whereas an irregular
Glycocalyx
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
(O antigen: part of lipopolysaccharide layer; H: flagellin; K antigen: capsule), e.g. O157:H7). It is, however, common to cite only the serogroup, i.e
Escherichia_coli
Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
impairment and death in about 10% of cases. It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically, mainly in Africa and Asia. It
Neisseria_meningitidis
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
integrate into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Natural bacterial transformation involves
Prokaryote
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
believed to be caused by a combination of environmental, immune, and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. It results in a chronic
Crohn's_disease
Class of peptides that have antimicrobial activity
Albertí S, Bengoechea JA (December 2004). Weiser JN (ed.). "Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides". Infection and Immunity
Antimicrobial_peptides
Genus of bacteria
which has been shown to be motile within macrophages. Mycobacteria possess capsules and most do not form endospores. M. marinum and perhaps M. bovis have been
Mycobacterium
Species of bacterium
antiphagocytic protein capsule (poly-D-gamma-glutamic acid) that disguises the vegetative bacterium from the host immune system. Most other bacterial species are
Bacillus_anthracis
Combination drug
December 2020. "Co-fluampicil capsules". Drugs.com. Retrieved 18 December 2020.[permanent dead link] "Co-fluampicil for bacterial infections. Side effects
Ampicillin/flucloxacillin
Sac or cavity in any organ or tissue
(space between the lymph node and capsule) Trabecular sinuses (space around the invaginations of the lymphatic capsule) Medullary sinuses (space between
Sinus_(anatomy)
Serious bacterial infection of the prostate gland
Acute prostatitis is a serious bacterial infection of the prostate gland. This infection is a medical emergency. It should be distinguished from other
Acute_prostatitis
Monotypic genus of plant in the spurge family
immature spiny capsules, are relatively few in number and have prominent red stigmas. The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to reddish-purple) capsule containing
Ricinus
Antibiotic derived from Penicillin
Applicant: Sandoz July 27, 1973: Bactocill Capsule Applicant: GlaxoSmithKline March 10, 1980: Oxacillin Sodium Capsule Applicant: Ani Pharms Inc May 15, 1980:
Oxacillin
Injection of medication or removal of synovial fluid from a joint via syringe
syringe to collect synovial fluid from or inject medication into the joint capsule. Laboratory analysis of synovial fluid can further help characterize the
Arthrocentesis
Response of the immune system to foreign materials in the human body
prosthetics. The occurrence of capsular contraction follows the formation of capsules of tightly woven collagen fibers, created by the immune response to the
Capsular_contracture
Rapid proliferation of lymphocyte cells
normal lymphocytic cells that resemble lymph tissue which may occur with bacterial or viral infections. The growth is termed hyperplasia which may result
Lymphoid_hyperplasia
Genus of bacteria
meningitidis (also called the meningococcus) is one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia. The immune
Neisseria
Hardened, weight-bearing structure of a horse's limbs
matter. The hoof is made up of two parts. The outer part, called the hoof capsule, is composed of various cornified specialized structures. The inner, living
Horse_hoof
Antibiotic
lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic
Clindamycin
Cells that ingest harmful matter within the body
of molecular processes. Phagocytosis occurs after the foreign body, a bacterial cell, for example, has bound to molecules called "receptors" that are
Phagocyte
Biological entity that causes disease in its host
diseases. Bacterial virulence factors include adherence factors to attach to host cells, invasion factors supporting entry into host cells, capsules to prevent
Pathogen
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