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Grammatical case
The aversive or evitative case (abbreviated evit) is a grammatical case found in Australian Aboriginal languages that indicates that the marked noun is
Aversive_case
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential
Grammatical_case
list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension. This list will mark the case, when it is used, an
List_of_grammatical_cases
Grammatical case denoting "partialness", "without result" or "without specific identity"
The partitive case (abbreviated ptv, prtv, or more ambiguously part) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific
Partitive_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the essive, or similaris, case (abbreviated ess) marks nouns as definite periods of time during which something happens or an ongoing action
Essive_case
Form of ambivalent racial prejudice
Aversive racism is a social scientific theory proposed by Samuel L. Gaertner & John F. Dovidio (1986), according to which negative evaluations of racial/ethnic
Aversive_racism
Cognitive process
their attractive or aversive effects on an individual's behavior relative to a particular stimulus: incentive salience and aversive salience. Incentive
Motivational_salience
Grammatical case
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated gen) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus
Genitive_case
Grammatical case
is a grammatical case which indicates motion to a location. It corresponds to the English prepositions "to" and "into". The lative case belongs to the group
Lative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the terminative or terminalis case (abbreviated term) is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target
Terminative_case
Grammatical case
grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated nom), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part
Nominative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced /ˈæblətɪv/ AB-lə-tiv; abbreviated abl) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars
Ablative_case
Grammatical case indicating a location
locative case (/ˈlɒkətɪv/ LOK-ə-tiv; abbreviated loc) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. In languages using it, the locative case may perform
Locative_case
Grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which something is given
In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated dat, or sometimes d when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the
Dative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated abs) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive
Absolutive_case
Grammatical case
caritive (abbreviated car) and privative (abbreviated priv) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding
Abessive_case
Grammatical case
other locative cases in Finnish and Estonian are these: Inessive case ("in") Elative case ("out of") Illative case ("into") Adessive case ("at", "in the
Allative_case
Grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb
In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated acc) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb. In the English
Accusative_case
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through
Operant_conditioning
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
abbreviated to pst) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning. Similarly
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Case specifying the use of the object form of pronouns
objective case (abbr. obj) is a nominal case other than the nominative case and, sometimes, the vocative. A noun or pronoun in the oblique case can generally
Oblique_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the ergative case (abbreviated erg) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive
Ergative_case
Grammatical case signifying "by way of ..." or "via ..."
prolative case (abbreviated prol), also called the vialis case (abbreviated via), prosecutive case (abbreviated pros), traversal case, mediative case, or translative
Prolative_case
Grammatical case
prepositional case (abbreviated prep) and the postpositional case (abbreviated post) - generalised as adpositional cases - are grammatical cases that respectively
Adpositional_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the superessive case (abbreviated supe) is a grammatical case indicating location on top of, or on the surface of something. Its name comes
Superessive_case
Grammatical case used in languages such as Finnish, Lithuanian, and Hungarian
In grammar, the illative case (/ˈɪlətɪv/; abbreviated ill; from Latin: illatus "brought in") is a grammatical case used in the Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian
Illative_case
Grammatical case
The exessive case (abbreviated exess) is a grammatical case that denotes a transition away from a state. It is a rare case found in certain dialects of
Exessive_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the perlative case (abbreviated per), also known as pergressive, is a grammatical case which expresses that something moved "through", "across"
Perlative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the instrumental case (abbreviated ins or instr) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with
Instrumental_case
Grammatical case
An adessive case (abbreviated ade; from Latin adesse "to be present (at)": ad "at" + esse "to be") is a grammatical case generally denoting location at
Adessive_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the inessive case (abbreviated ine; from Latin: inesse "to be in or at") is a locative grammatical case. This case carries the basic meaning
Inessive_case
Grammatical case for noun addressed
In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated voc) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed
Vocative_case
Grammatical case expressing resemblance
The semblative case (abbreviated sembl) is a grammatical case that denotes the similarity of one entity to another. The semblative case is sometimes referred
Semblative_case
Grammatical case denoting accompaniment
In grammar, the comitative case (abbreviated com) is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment. In English, the preposition "with", in the sense of
Comitative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the intransitive case (abbreviated intr), also denominated passive case or patient case, is a grammatical case used in some languages to mark
Intransitive_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the translative case (abbreviated transl) is a grammatical case that indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of "becoming
Translative_case
Grammatical case in Hungarian
Hungarian language the essive-formal case or formative case can be viewed as combining an essive case and a formal case, and it can express the position,
Formative_case
Declination patterns for nouns in the Finnish language
number of grammatical cases, whose uses and meanings are detailed here. See also Finnish grammar. Many meanings expressed by case markings in Finnish correspond
Finnish_noun_cases
Grammatical case in Hungarian
In grammar, the delative case (abbreviated del; from Latin: deferre "to bear or bring away or down") is a grammatical case in the Hungarian language which
Delative_case
Grammatical use indicating possession
grammatical case (the possessive case), although they are also sometimes considered to represent the genitive case, or are not assigned to any case, depending
Possessive
Grammatical case
Final case is used for marking final cause ("for a house"). Semitic languages had this case, but all of them lost it[failed verification]. In Arabic,
Final_case
alignment used in a small number of languages in which a single grammatical case is used to mark both arguments of a transitive verb, but not with the single
Transitive_alignment
Grammatical case
The benefactive case (abbreviated ben, or sometimes b when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case typically used where English would use "for",
Benefactive_case
Grammatical case
In linguistics, the ornative case is a noun case that means "endowed with" or "supplied with". This case is found in Dumi, which marks it by the suffix
Ornative_case
Grammatical case
The antessive case (abbreviated ante) is used for marking the spatial relation of preceding or being before. The case is found in some Dravidian languages
Antessive_case
Grammatical case
grammar, the instructive case is a grammatical case used in Finnish, Estonian, and the Turkic languages. In Finnish, the instructive case is used to indicate
Instructive_case
Grammatical case
the pegative case (abbreviated peg) is a hypothetical grammatical case that prototypically marks the agent of an action of giving. The case has been posited
Pegative_case
Grammatical case
linguistics, the postessive case (abbreviated poste) is a noun case that indicates movement behind something. This case is found in Northeast Caucasian
Postessive_case
Theory in linguistic typology
the case hierarchy denotes an order of grammatical cases. If a language has a particular case, it also has all cases lower than this particular case. To
Case_hierarchy
Inflection of words according to number, gender, and/or case
determiners. It serves to indicate number (e.g. singular, dual, plural), case (e.g. nominative, accusative, genitive, or dative), gender (e.g. masculine
Declension
Grammatical case
In grammar, the elative case (abbreviated ela; from Latin: efferre "to bring or carry out") is a locative grammatical case signifying that something comes
Elative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the sociative case is a grammatical case in Uralic languages such as Finnish and Hungarian; as well as Tamil, and Malayalam[citation needed]
Sociative_case
Grammatical case
A direct case (abbreviated dir) is a grammatical case used with all three core relations: both the agent and patient of transitive verbs and the argument
Direct_case
Grammatical case
comparative case (abbreviated comp) is a grammatical case which marks a nominal to indicate comparison with another entity through the designation of a case marker
Comparative_case
Grammatical case
adverbial case (abbreviated adv) is a noun case in Abkhaz and Georgian with a function similar to that of the translative and essive cases in Finnic languages
Adverbial_case
Grammatical case
multiplicative case (abbreviated mlt or mltp) is a grammatical case used for marking a number of something ("three times"). The case is found in the
Multiplicative_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the instrumental-comitative case combines the instrumental case and the comitative case, functioning in a similar way to the English preposition
Instrumental-comitative_case
Grammatical case
equative case (abbreviated equ) is a grammatical case prototypically expressing the standard of comparison of equal values ("as… as…"). The equative case has
Equative_case
Grammatical case
Apudessive case (abbreviated apud) is used for marking a juxtaposing spatial relation, or location next to something ("next to the house"). It is found
Apudessive_case
Grammatical case in Hungarian
essive-modal case is a case in the Hungarian language that expresses either the state, capacity, task in which somebody is or which somebody has (essive case, e
Essive-modal_case
Grammatical case
In linguistics, the postelative case (abbreviated postel) is a noun case that indicates location from behind. This case is found in the Northeast Caucasian
Postelative_case
Psychological behavior
helplessness is the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. In humans, learned helplessness is related
Learned_helplessness
Grammatical case
The egressive case (abbreviated egre) marks the beginning of a movement from an approximate location or a moment in time. This case is used in Udmurt
Egressive_case
Aversive conditioning device
device is able to detect instances of head-directed SIB, and delivers an aversive electric shock contingent on its occurrence. The United States Food and
Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System
Self-Injurious_Behavior_Inhibiting_System
Grammatical case
The distributive case (abbreviated distr) is used on nouns for the meanings of 'per' or 'each.' In Hungarian, it is -nként and expresses the manner when
Distributive_case
Grammatical case that indicates time
In grammar, the temporal case (or Temporalis abbreviated temp) is a grammatical case used to indicate a time. In the Hungarian language its suffix is
Temporal_case
Grammatical case specifying the time and manner of an event
distributive-temporal of a noun is a grammatical case specifying when and how often something is done. This case (-nta/-nte) in Hungarian can express how often
Distributive-temporal_case
Stimulus that reinforces the cessation of a behavior
stimuli exist as well. Rewarding stimuli are considered pleasant; however, aversive stimuli are considered unpleasant. There are also two types of punishers:
Punishment_(psychology)
Grammatical case
The pertingent case is a grammatical case found in the Tlingit language. It is used to refer to something which is touching something else: for example
Pertingent_case
Grammatical case
In grammar, the term sublative case (abbreviated subl) is used to refer to grammatical cases expressing different situations: In Hungarian and Finnish
Sublative_case
Grammatical case
The inelative case (abbreviated inel) expresses the notion "from inside" (i.e. "out of"). It can be found in the Lezgian language. For example: Варшавадай
Inelative_case
Grammatical case
In linguistics, the modal case (abbreviated mod) is a grammatical case used to express ability, intention, necessity, obligation, permission, possibility
Modal_case
Aspect of verb grammar
make children read books." The causal or causative case (abbreviated caus) is a grammatical case that indicates that the marked noun is the cause or
Causative
Grammatical case
The intrative case (abbreviated itrt) is a case that roughly expresses the notion of the English prepositions "amidst" or "between". It is found in the
Intrative_case
Disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds
fingers tapping, or gum chewing. Other authors have proposed Conditioned Aversive Response Disorder (CARD) as a more suitable name, which seeks to incorporate
Misophonia
Piece of material put around the neck of a dog
restraint, identification, fashion, protection, or training (although some aversive training collars are illegal in many countries ). Identification tags and
Dog_collar
Behavioral-purposed device to inflict aversive stimulus
behaviour as a form of aversive training. These collars incorporate an electronic device that can either trigger automatically as in the case of bark control
Shock_collar
Grammatical case
The orientative case (abbreviated orient) is a grammatical case which marks a noun phrase whose referent is used as a point of reference. It can be used
Orientative_case
Grammatical case
The subessive case (abbreviated sube) is a grammatical case indicating location under or below something. It occurs in Northeast Caucasian languages like
Subessive_case
Type of operant conditioning
known as instrumental conditioning). An escape response occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and the subject makes a response to remove or escape
Avoidance_learning
System of suffixes of Classical Arabic
adjectival, or verbal suffixes of Classical Arabic to mark grammatical case. These suffixes are written in fully vocalized Arabic texts, notably the
ʾIʿrab
Grammatical case
In grammar, nouns in the superlative case (abbreviated supl or more ambiguously sup) typically denote objects over which or onto the top of which another
Superlative_case
The respective case (so named by Anthony Appleyard) is a noun case created by J. R. R. Tolkien in his constructed language Quenya (one of two of the elven
Respective_case
Offensive personality types
Williams in 2002, that describes the relationship between three notably aversive but non-pathological personality traits: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical
Dark_triad
Type of institutional abuse
Special educators sometimes use aversive techniques as a way to change the behavior of disabled students. Aversives used in special education include
Abuse_in_special_education
Controversial American special education institution
contends that aversives are used only as a last resort when positive intervention has failed, state reports have repeatedly found that aversives are used for
Judge_Rotenberg_Center
Medical condition
The DAR is key to disulfiram therapy that is widely used for alcohol-aversive treatment and management of other addictions (e.g. cocaine use). Once disulfiram-treated
Disulfiram-alcohol_reaction
Mental illness with multiple personality states
deliberately induce dissociative identity disorder using a variety of highly aversive and abusive techniques, creating a Manchurian Candidate for military purposes
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Aspect of inhibitory control
much it is desired. Aversive stimulation is used as a means of increasing or decreasing the likelihood of target behavior. An aversive stimulus is sometimes
Self-control
Response that prevents an aversive stimulus
An avoidance response is a response that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. It is a kind of negative reinforcement. An avoidance response is
Avoidance_response
Medication
Whether naltrexone causes dysphoria, depression, anhedonia, or other aversive effects has been studied and reviewed. In early studies of opioid-abstinent
Naltrexone
Practice of teaching behaviors to dogs
discovers that a particular response ends the presentation of an aversive stimulus. An aversive is anything that the dog does not like, such as verbal admonishment
Dog_training
Race or ethnic-based discrimination
racial/ethnic minorities, aversive racism is characterized by more complex, ambivalent expressions and attitudes. Aversive racism is similar in implications
Racism
Process of decline in quality of decisions over time
same time, "people find that making many choices can be [psychologically] aversive." For example, major politicians and businessmen such as former United
Decision_fatigue
Pavlovian conditioning
the procedure. In some cases, conditioning can occur with two stimulus-context pairings. It allows both rewarding and aversive effects to be tested and
Conditioned_place_preference
Non-reproductive sexual behavior in non-human animals
Retrieved 2015-02-12. McDonnell, S. M.; A. L., AL (2005). Squires, E. (ed.). "Aversive conditioning of periodic spontaneous erection adversely affects sexual
Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals
Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals
Perception that the external world is not real
and depersonalization to both aversive and neutral images. They found that the derealised patients "rated the aversive, disgusting scenes as less emotive
Derealization
Application of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior
a history of – in some forms of ABA and its predecessors – the use of aversives, such as electric shocks. ABA is an applied science devoted to developing
Applied_behavior_analysis
Psychology term
under the functional control of relevant conditions of deprivation or aversive stimulation. One cannot determine, based on form alone, whether a response
Mand_(psychology)
Rare form of epilepsy causing ecstatic and mystical experiences
minimize energy expenditure. Prediction errors are often experienced as aversive and threatening and can produce feelings of uncertainty and discomfort
Ecstatic_seizures
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