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Electronic detecting or amplifying vacuum tube
radio receivers and electronic oscillators. The many practical applications for amplification motivated its rapid development, and the original Audion was
Audion
audion receiver makes use of a single vacuum tube or transistor to detect and amplify signals. It is so called because it originally used the audion tube
Audion_receiver
used Fessenden's heterodyne principle in his superheterodyne receiver (below). The Audion (triode) vacuum tube invented by Lee De Forest in 1906 was the
History_of_radio_receivers
Simple radio receiver circuit for AM reception
communication, c. 1917 Wireless Specialty Products type IP-501 naval crystal/audion receiver widely used in World War 1 Marconi Type 103 shipboard crystal set with
Crystal_radio
Topics referred to by the same term
Larry Fast Audion (software), a media player for Apple Macintosh created by Panic Matthew Dear or Audion, techno music artist Audion receiver, a type of
Audion_(disambiguation)
Electronic circuit using positive feedback
1922 US 2211091, Braden, R. A., "Superregenerative magnetron receiver" 1940. Audion receiver Tuned electrical circuit Q multiplier Resonance in a circuit
Regenerative_circuit
Electronic oscillator circuit
the Audion receiver. His circuits improved radio frequency reception. Meissner used a Lieben-Reisz-Strauss tube, Armstrong used a de Forest Audion tube
Armstrong_oscillator
Single-grid amplifying vacuum tube having three active electrodes
cathode, a grid, and a plate (anode). Developed from Lee De Forest's 1906 Audion, a partial vacuum tube that added a grid electrode to the thermionic diode
Triode
Type of radio receiver
The superheterodyne receiver, commonly called the superhet, is a radio receiver that uses heterodyning to convert incoming radio-frequency (RF) signals
Superheterodyne_receiver
Type of electronic circuit
observed oscillations in audion radio receiver circuits and went on to use positive feedback in his invention of the regenerative receiver. Austrian Alexander
Electronic_oscillator
American inventor (1873–1961)
He invented the first practical electronic amplifier, the three-element "Audion" triode vacuum tube in 1908. This helped start the Electronic Age, and enabled
Lee_de_Forest
A reflex radio receiver, occasionally called a reflectional receiver, is a radio receiver design in which the same amplifier is used to amplify the high-frequency
Reflex_receiver
American radio engineer and inventor
kept inventing and filing patents. In 1963, Miessner won the De Forest Audion gold medal for inventive achievement. In 1964 he won the Distinguished Service
Benjamin_Miessner
Type of radio receiver
A superregenerative receiver is a radio receiver that achieves high sensitivity by alternately allowing a resonant circuit to oscillate and then suppressing
Superregenerative_receiver
Armstrong, E.H. (September 1915). "Some Recent Developments in the Audion Receiver". Proceedings of the IRE. 3 (3): 215–238. Bibcode:1915PIRE....3..215A
Vacuum_tube_characteristics
(demodulator) in the first vacuum tube radio receivers until the 1930s. Early applications of triode tubes (Audions) as detectors usually did not include a
Grid-leak_detector
gain of the Audion amplifier. Further increase in tuning resulted in the Audion amplifier reaching self-oscillation. This oscillating receiver circuit meant
Autodyne
History of Technology (mercurians.org) De Forest, Lee (1906) "The Audion: A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy", Transactions of the American Institute
Invention_of_radio
Early radio receiver component
detector is an electronic component used in some early 20th century radio receivers. It consists of a piece of crystalline mineral that rectifies an alternating
Crystal_detector
Relay station
resistance mercury lamps could amplify, and they were used. The invention of audion tube repeaters around 1916 made transcontinental telephony practical. In
Repeater
Early vacuum-tube attempt at an Integrated Circuit
several functions in one electronic device. Produced by the German Loewe-Audion GmbH as early as 1926, the device consisted of three triode valves (tubes)
Loewe_3NF
Use of radio waves for communication
page 1270. Sungook Hong (2001), Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, pp. 5–10 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909". NobelPrize.org.
Radio
Chronological list of discoveries and inventions in electrical and electronics engineering
established in Hollywood and Babelsberg. 1912: First radio receiver created using the Audion principle. 1913: High-vacuum electron tubes replace early
Timeline of electrical and electronics engineering
Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering
Russian physicist (1859–1906)
Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, pp. 30–32 Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, p. 202 Electronics
Aleksandr_Popov_(physicist)
Electronic device that emits radio waves
waves with an antenna with the purpose of signal transmission to a radio receiver. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current
Transmitter
2013, pp. 125–126 Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press, 2001, p. 2 "Thread:Milestone-Proposal talk:First generation
History_of_radio
American radio-frequency engineer and inventor (1890–1954)
three-element (triode) "grid Audion" vacuum-tube. How vacuum tubes worked was not understood at the time. De Forest's initial Audions did not have a high vacuum
Edwin_Howard_Armstrong
National holiday in Russia on 7 May
A picture of Popov's receiver appears on p. 207, fig. 12.2 Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press. p. 1.
Radio_Day
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion. MIT Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0262082983. De Forest, Lee (January 1906). "The Audion; A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy"
Amplifier
Branch of physics and electrical engineering
field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since then, solid-state devices have all
Electronics
Patents and licensing affecting early radio technology
Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that certain uses of the audion developed by Lee de Forest infringed the detector patent of J. A. Fleming
Patents and licensing in early radio
Patents_and_licensing_in_early_radio
Device that controls current between electrodes
practical only with Lee de Forest's 1907 invention of the three-terminal "audion" tube, a crude form of what was to become the triode. Being essentially
Vacuum_tube
Early radio wave detector
Forest's Audion (triode) tube. Electronics portal Detector (radio) Electrical contact resistance (ECR) Crystal radio Spark-gap transmitter Radio receiver Antique
Coherer
Device for generating microwaves
control the flow of an electric current was spurred by the invention of the Audion by Lee de Forest in 1906. Albert Hull of General Electric Research Laboratory
Cavity_magnetron
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Standard Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Neutron tube Nonode
Photodetector
Type of vacuum tube; early radio detector
engineer Lee de Forest in 1906 created a three-element vacuum tube, the Audion, by adding a wire grid between cathode and anode. It was the first electronic
Fleming_valve
Early radio receiver component
crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve and Audion (triode). It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other
Electrolytic_detector
Italian electrical engineer and inventor (1874–1937)
May 2026. Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion (PDF). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08298-5. Archived (PDF) from
Guglielmo_Marconi
Type of radio transmitter
Jones Hong, Sungook (2010). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262514194. Baird, D.; Hughes, R.I.; Nordmann, A. (2013)
Spark-gap_transmitter
Electrode used to control electron flow within a vacuum tube
valve (thermionic diode) to create the first amplifying vacuum tube, the Audion (triode). In a valve, the hot cathode emits negatively charged electrons
Control_grid
Physicist, biologist and botanist (1857–1937)
Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22 Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi's Wireless Receiver Archived 16 June 2015
Jagadish_Chandra_Bose
Vacuum tube with four active electrodes
tetrode to appear. In the course of his research into the action of the audion triode tube invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong and Lee de Forest, Irving
Tetrode
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
June 2025. Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press. pp. 5–9, 22. ISBN 978-0262082983. Roer, T.G. (2012). Microwave
Microwave
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
were water-cooled. The 1912 discovery of the amplifying ability of the Audion tube, invented in 1906 by Lee de Forest, solved these problems. The vacuum
Amplitude_modulation
Semiconductor light source
similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send
Light-emitting_diode
American manufacturer
https://web.archive.org/web/20100302185003/http://lacieg2s.ca/w3terra/ols/audion.htm The Audion Circuit Reviews Alternate Site for Vintage H.H. Scott HiFi Stereo
H._H._Scott,_Inc.
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
evo W6 is a little thicker at 9mm, but it's been updated with a wireless receiver that can transmit signals up to 30 feet away". Mitsubishi Electric News
OLED
Visual indicator of the amplitude of an electronic signal
illustrated. Its first broad application was as a tuning indicator in radio receivers, to give an indication of the relative strength of the received radio
Magic_eye_tube
Early radio wave detector
through 1912, when the company began converting to the Fleming valve and Audion-type vacuum tubes. It was used through 1918. See drawing at right. The Marconi
Magnetic_detector
Radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation
10, 1903, and granted May 9, 1905, to Valdemar Poulsen. "The Versatile Audion" by H. Winfield Secor, Electrical Experimenter, February 1920, pages 1000–1001
AM_broadcasting
English physicist and electrical engineer (1851–1940)
Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press pages 30–32 ISBN 9780262514194 Sungook Hong (2001) Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press page
Oliver_Lodge
NY: D. Van Nostrand Company. White, Thomas H. "Section 10 Audion and Vacuum Tube Receiver Development 1907-1916". EarlyRadioHistory.us. Retrieved 2013-02-11
Elmer_T._Cunningham
Type of electronic circuit
Push–pull circuits are widely used in many amplifier output stages. A pair of audion tubes connected in push–pull is described in Edwin H. Colpitts' US patent
Push–pull_output
Danish engineer
wrote that he had been "totally unaware of the fact that in the little audion tube, which I was then using only as a radio detector, lay dormant the principle
Valdemar_Poulsen
American electronics engineer and inventor (1901–1965)
opportunities and was wooed by Lee de Forest, a radio pioneer who developed the audion tube, the original voice amplifier for radio reception. De Forest had had
Allen_B._DuMont
Microwave relay system
early as 1915, the year after AT&T bought Lee de Forest's patents on the audion vacuum tube. Experiments were carried out between Arlington, Virginia, Hawaii
TD-2
in Ireland. The cascade-tuning radio receiver is introduced. Lee de Forest publishes a description of his Audion triode detecting or amplifying vacuum
1913_in_radio
Harmonic oscillator whose parameters oscillate in time
358-359. Hong, Sungook Hong (201). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion. MIT Press. pp. 158–161. ISBN 978-0262082983. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date
Parametric_oscillator
German physicist (1878–1913)
Ernst Ruhmer, 1908, pages 49-59. Wireless From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion by Hong Sungook, 2001, page 166. Ruhmer (1908) page 134 Goldsmith, Alfred
Ernst_Ruhmer
Miniature adjustable component
adjusted into the right position during the alignment procedure of the receiver. Trimmers come in a variety of sizes and levels of precision. For example
Trimmer_(electronics)
these sites; while Lee de Forest's work had produced a vacuum tube (or "Audion") as early as 1906, many key advances in electronic amplifiers (which would
List of Marconi wireless stations
List_of_Marconi_wireless_stations
Frequency mixer of a superhet radio
five grids used as the frequency mixer stage of a superheterodyne radio receiver. The pentagrid was part of a line of development of valves that were able
Pentagrid_converter
Type of electrical organ
https://www.perfectcircuit.com/signal/telharmonium-history Telharmonium, Audion Piano, Luigi Russolo et les bruitistes sonhors.free.fr, French https://www
Telharmonium
amplifier for use in TV receivers, B9G 9-pin Loctal base EEL71 – AF Tetrode - AF power pentode, B8G Loctal base, for use as audion detector, AF preamplifier
List of Mullard–Philips vacuum tubes
List_of_Mullard–Philips_vacuum_tubes
Play written by Aaron Sorkin
RCA. He buys AT&T's radio stations along with the patent rights to the Audion tube and FM radio, crucial technologies for broadcasting. NBC takes off
The_Farnsworth_Invention
Vacuum tube used to display images
now called electrons. In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a CRT TV receiver with a mechanical video camera that received images with a 40-line resolution
Cathode_ray_tube
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz. HEMTs based on gallium nitride and
Transistor
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
typical application was FM inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers. The first application MOS chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips
Integrated_circuit
Private college in the United States
included among its members, Lee de Forest, the American inventor of the Audion triode vacuum tube, and prominent radio engineer Cyril M. Jansky Jr., and
National_Radio_Institute
American radio pioneer (1890–1960)
Forest, and in 1907 participated in the first public demonstration of the audion tube (triode). From 1908 to 1910 he attended Sheffield Scientific School
John_Vincent_Lawless_Hogan
Discrete device in an electronic system
electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely
Electronic_component
Early type of semiconductor rectifier
were also used as envelope detector (AM demodulator) diodes in radio receivers. The WX6 Westector was a typical example. It was about the size and shape
Metal_rectifier
Long distance transmission of text
ISBN 978-0-313-34743-6. Sungook Hong. Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press - 2001, page 21. "Marconi: Radio Pioneer". BBC South East Wales
Telegraphy
Device for producing coherent EM waves in the sub-visible spectrum
cavity is coupled into a coaxial cable and then sent to a coherent radio receiver. The microwave signal coming out of the maser is very weak, a few picowatts
Maser
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
Avalanche photodiode – A User Guide [1] Avalanche Photodiode – Low noise APD receivers [2] Kagawa, S. (1981). "Fully ion-implanted p+-n germanium avalanche photodiodes"
Avalanche_photodiode
Type of klystron for generating low intensity microwaves
University. The Sutton tube was developed as a local oscillator for the receiver of 10cm microwave radar sets. Due to its geometry and long drift space
Sutton_tube
terminals. This can be used for amplification, as in the case of a radio receiver, or for rapid switching, as in the case of digital circuits. The transistor
History_of_the_transistor
Type of field-effect transistor
phones, satellite television receivers, voltage converters, and radar equipment. They are widely used in satellite receivers, in low power amplifiers and
High-electron-mobility transistor
High-electron-mobility_transistor
Type of electronic amplifier
the first electronic amplifying device, the triode, which he named the Audion. This additional control grid modulates the current that flows between cathode
Valve_amplifier
Two-terminal electronic component
alternating current (AC) power to direct current (DC), demodulation in radio receivers, and can even be used for logic or as temperature sensors. A common variant
Diode
Electronic oscillator circuit
integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is a quartz crystal
Crystal_oscillator
Capacitor whose capacitance can be changed
a preselector, an input filter and the corresponding oscillator in a receiver circuit. The sections can have identical or different nominal capacitances
Variable_capacitor
American research engineer (1908–1987)
Lecture at the Royal Institution. He received many awards: the De Forest Audion Award of the Veteran Wireless Operators Association in 1968, an honorary
George_Harold_Brown
Passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field
combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers. The term inductor seems to come from Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, who called
Inductor
High-frequency pentode tube
largely unchanged from light bulb designs. Initially used in television receivers, it quickly gained a vital role in British radar, and great efforts were
EF50
Magnetic core on which the windings of electric transformers and inductors are formed
switched-mode power supplies and ferrite loopstick antennas for AM radio receivers. Ferrites are ceramic compounds of the transition metals with oxygen,
Ferrite_core
Plug-in vacuum tube holder
placed, with divergent axes. The earliest tubes, like the Deforest Spherical Audion from c. 1911, used the typical light bulb Edison socket for the heater,
Tube_socket
Electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies
wireless transceivers. Common types of RF connectors are used for television receivers, two-way radio, Wi-Fi PCIe cards with removable antennas, and industrial
RF_connector
Electrical component that can break an electrical circuit
local manual controls in the cab to the outputs of the remote control receiver. A toggle switch or tumbler switch is a class of electrical switches that
Switch
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
electromechanical switches and motor–generator sets have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on
Rectifier
American company (1906–1932)
(half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the rights to some early Audion detector patents, de Forest turned in his stock and resigned. De Forest
DeForest_Radio_Company
Hong, Sungook (2001-09-28). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion. The MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/7255.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-27563-7
Timeline_of_radio
English electrical engineer and physicist (1849–1945)
to the valve to create an amplifying vacuum tube RF detector called the Audion, leading Fleming to accuse him of infringing on his patents. De Forest's
John_Ambrose_Fleming
Converts light into current
contribute to the sensitivity of the optical receiver which is the minimum input power required for the receiver to achieve a specified bit error rate. P–n
Photodiode
WW 1 radio tube
research in radio and vacuum technology. They knew that Lee de Forest's audion and the British gas-filled lamp designed by H. J. Round were too unstable
TM_(triode)
Type of transistor
electronics such as tuners and low-noise amplifiers for VHF and satellite receivers. It exhibits no offset voltage at zero drain current and makes an excellent
Field-effect_transistor
Class of radio antenna
voltage to the receiver is taken, between the monopole and the ground plane. One side of the feedline to the transmitter or receiver is connected to
Monopole_antenna
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
tunable lasers, externally modulated lasers and transmitters, integrated receivers, etc. are examples of photonic integrated circuits. As of 2012, devices
Photonic_integrated_circuit
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
capacitors. Gimmick capacitors were used in commercial and amateur radio receivers. Leyden jars the earliest known capacitor Clamped mica capacitors—the
Capacitor_types
frequency receiver, and television advancements. Luigi Amerio Laplace transforms Edwin Armstrong Radio, Regenerative circuit, superheterodyne receiver, frequency
List_of_electrical_engineers
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