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Software environment vulnerable to attack
The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for "attack vectors") where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can
Attack_surface
Attack Surface Analyzer was a tool created for the analysis of changes made to the attack surface of the operating systems since Windows Vista and beyond
Attack_Surface_Analyzer
Security-focused, Android-based mobile operating system
security of Android, primarily through defense in depth improvements and attack surface reduction. The hardening includes low-level system components, as well
GrapheneOS
Naval combat on the open ocean
weapons, sensors, or operations intended to attack or limit the effectiveness of an adversary's surface ships. Before the adoption of the submarine and
Anti-surface_warfare
Submarine capable of launching cruise missiles
of land-attack cruise missiles and anti-ship missiles) as its primary armament. Missiles greatly enhance a warship's ability to attack surface combatants
Cruise-missile_submarine
Tools used to make software
such as the SolarWinds attack illustrated the scale and reach of such attacks. Researchers have catalogued the attack surface into a taxonomy covering
Software_supply_chain
Software system in web publishing
The simple design also makes it harder for attackers to modify the website due to the smaller attack surface of these relatively simple backends. Some
Static_site_generator
Entity that manages identity information
fatigue. It also provides better security by decreasing the potential attack surface. Identity providers can facilitate connections between cloud computing
Identity_provider
Process of increasing the security of a system
system by making it a 'hard target' by reducing its attack surface vulnerabilities. The attack surface is larger when a system performs more functions; in
Hardening_(computing)
American security company
In 2018, it raised $2.6 million in seed funding. Censys pivoted to attack surface management, and in 2019 added exposure management, whereby it identifies
Censys
Type of technology discipline concerning threat data
as dark web monitoring, credential exposure detection, and external attack surface discovery. This evolution reflects a shift toward continuous threat
Threat_Intelligence_Platform
Submarine designed to destroy other ships
attack submarine or hunter-killer submarine is a submarine specifically designed for the purpose of attacking and sinking other submarines, surface combatants
Attack_submarine
Cyber security firm
open sources, deep, and dark web platforms to detect cyber threats; Attack Surface Management for identifying vulnerabilities across digital assets; Brand
Cyberint
Malicious software used in ransom demands
According to comodo, applying two Attack Surface Reduction on OS/Kernel provides a materially-reduced attack surface which results in a heightened security
Ransomware
American air-to-surface missile project
The Precision Attack Air-to-Surface Missile (PAASM) is a weapon system currently under development by Raytheon. It is designed to defeat armored vehicles
Precision Attack Air-to-Surface Missile
Precision_Attack_Air-to-Surface_Missile
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
the computer code used to create the application), and to reduce the attack surface by installing as few as possible. They are typically run with least
Computer_security
Representation of a computer program
discovery, code property graphs find applications in code clone detection, attack-surface detection, exploit generation, measuring code testability, and backporting
Code_property_graph
Exploitable weakness in a computer system
dependencies, which is often part of DevOps workflows, can reduce the attack surface by paring down dependencies to only what is necessary. If software as
Vulnerability (computer security)
Vulnerability_(computer_security)
Software engineering approach
recoverable. It highlights strategies like defence in depth, minimising attack surfaces, the principle of least privilege principle, and integrating detection
Secure_by_design
British cyber security company
43 billion. In March 2022, Darktrace acquired Cybersprint, a Dutch attack surface management company, for €47.5 million. Poppy Gustafsson stepped down
Darktrace
Attack on a computer system
In computer science, a cyberattack (or cyber attack) is an attack targeted at computer systems. It occurs when there is an unauthorized action against
Cyberattack
Type of computer security breach
password also serves as the FileVault password, enabling an additional attack surface through privilege escalation. In 2019 a vulnerability named "Thunderclap"
Evil_maid_attack
Type of proxy server
own attack surface and invite hackers. If a reverse proxy is not configured to filter attacks or it does not receive daily updates to keep its attack signature
Reverse_proxy
Instruction set extensions accelerating AES operations
of as software, it can have improved security, as its side channel attack surface is reduced. AES-NI (or the Intel Advanced Encryption Standard New Instructions;
AES_instruction_set
Crowdsourced computer security company
refers to as "Penetration Testing as a Service" (PTaaS), as well as attack surface management. Bugcrowd was founded in Sydney, Australia in 2012. As of
Bugcrowd
Anti-ship missile
designed to attack surface targets, such as fast in-shore attack craft ranging in size of between 50 and 500 tonnes, as well as larger surface targets of
Sea_Venom_(missile)
Vehicle that operates on the surface of the water without a crew
An unmanned surface vehicle, unmanned surface vessel or uncrewed surface vessel (USV), colloquially called a drone boat, drone ship or sea drone, is a
Unmanned_surface_vehicle
Type of attack in machine learning
responses when processed alongside text. This complexity expands the attack surface, making multimodal AI more susceptible to cross-modal vulnerabilities
Prompt_injection
Type of warship
generally only attack with their aircraft, and mine hunters are not primarily combat vessels). However, some warships combine aspects of the surface combatant
Surface_combatant
Path taken or method used by a security breach into an IT system
entice them to reveal confidential information, such as passwords. Attack surface Email attachment Malware Security hacker Spamming Vulnerability (computing)
Attack_vector
Research field that lies at the intersection of machine learning and computer security
model refers to failing to consider the ML system itself as an attack surface. Attacks against (supervised) machine learning algorithms have been categorized
Adversarial_machine_learning
Windows Server installation option
limited features, it has reduced servicing and management requirements, attack surface, disk and memory usage. Andrew Mason, a program manager on the Windows
Server_Core
2010 science fiction novel by Iain M. Banks
Surface Detail by Iain M. Banks is a science fiction novel in his Culture series, first published in the UK on 7 October 2010 and the US on 28 October
Surface_Detail
Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing
legitimate network traffic while deterring malicious attacks. Like all software with an attack surface, Tor's protections have limitations, and Tor's implementation
Tor_(network)
2023 armed incursions and massacres in Israel
The October 7 attacks were a series of coordinated armed incursions from the blockaded Gaza Strip into the Gaza envelope of southern Israel, carried out
October_7_attacks
Angle between the chord of a wing and the undisturbed airflow
upper surface of the airfoil and begins to separate from the upper surface. On most airfoil shapes, as the angle of attack increases, the upper surface separation
Angle_of_attack
"exceptionally large and difficult to defend" attack surface". The Stack. 2024-09-27. Retrieved 2025-03-06. "Attack Paths: Just 4 Steps Can Compromise 94% of
Attack_path_management
Computer program without external module
programming teams] yet fully parallel system-state monitoring; or where the attack surface must be minimized; an operating system would add unacceptable complexity
Standalone_program
Testing process to determine security weaknesses
tester should look at the coverage of the web application or of its attack surface to know if the tool was configured correctly or was able to understand
Dynamic application security testing
Dynamic_application_security_testing
Missile designed to be launched from aircraft
AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile is a land-attack version of the Harpoon. A major advantage of air-to-surface missiles for ground attack by aircraft is the
Air-to-surface_missile
Infestation of a camera lens by fungus
the initial fungal network. The sensor or glass surfaces of the lens are clouded by the fungal attack and lens coatings may be etched away. The fungus
Lens_fungus
Cybersecurity technology
designed based on real adversarial tactics, techniques and procedures. Attack surface coverage: can test internal and external-facing assets. Security control
Breach_and_attack_simulation
Storage of digital data readable by computers
for example, are used in cloud security to mitigate the increased attack surface area of outsourcing data storage. A private cloud is cloud infrastructure
Computer_data_storage
Terrorist attack in Kurdistan Region of Iraq
attack was greatly condemned by members of the Assyrian community, who were subjected to hate speech on social media as news of the attack surfaced.
2025_Duhok_axe_attack
U.S. Air Force air-to-surface missile
The AGM-88J SiAW (Stand-in Attack Weapon) is a tactical air-to-surface missile under development for the United States Air Force (USAF) by Northrop Grumman
AGM-88J_SiAW
Approach to computer security from the US Defense Information Systems Agency
SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS has extended the perimeter and broadened the attack surface. Software-Defined Perimeters (SDPs) address these issues by allowing
Software-defined_perimeter
Surface to surface missile for striking land
A land-attack missile (LAM) is a naval surface-to-surface missile that is capable of effectively attacking targets ashore, unlike specialized anti-ship
Land-attack_missile
Experimental US Navy littoral combat ship
or satellite and aggressively attack surface and submerged vessels using their speed to evade torpedo and missile attack.[citation needed] Some concern
Sea_Fighter
1941 Japanese attack on the US
leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. The attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded
Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor
management traffic. This greatly reduces the attack surface of the managed devices, as external attackers cannot access management functions directly,
Management_interface
2008 novel by Cory Doctorow
On October 13, 2020, the third book in the Little Brother series, Attack Surface, was released. Doctorow, Cory. Little Brother. New York: Tor Teen, 2008
Little Brother (Doctorow novel)
Little_Brother_(Doctorow_novel)
Romanian cybersecurity technology company
GravityZone expanded in 2025 to include PHASR (Proactive Hardening and Attack Surface Reduction), which allows for dynamic, individualized security configurations
Bitdefender
Splitting of a computer network into subnetworks
There is a reduced attack surface available to pivot in if one of the hosts on the network segment is compromised. Common attack vectors such as LLMNR
Network_segmentation
recrystallization, intergranular attack, and hydrogen embrittlement. When a traditional manufacturing process is used, such as machining, the surface layer sustains local
Surface_integrity
Topics referred to by the same term
Mac OS X Automated system recovery, a Microsoft Windows XP function Attack surface reduction, a fundamental principle of security Air-sea rescue State
ASR
Illuminated pyrotechnic ammunition visible in daylight and darkness
to attack surface targets, rather than the plane's cannon, which may be just an ancillary weapon for air-to-air combat; although in the ground attack role
Tracer_ammunition
Public key certificate issued by the user
Self-signed certificate transactions usually present a far smaller attack surface by eliminating both the complex certificate chain validation, and certificate
Self-signed_certificate
Linux distribution
to be locked down, with a reduced attack surface, to increase the difficulty to carry out certain classes of attack against it. This was accomplished
Subgraph_(operating_system)
U.S. anti-ship missile
& Security). The AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) and later AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER (Standoff Land Attack Missile – Expanded Response) are cruise
Harpoon_(missile)
Iranian air-to-surface missile
copies of the Israeli Spike family of surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles used for anti-armor attacks. Iran reportedly was transferred Israeli
Almas_(missile)
Security bug
released a macOS kernel extension named iSightDefender to reduce the attack surface under macOS. Checkoway, Stephen; Brocker, Matthew (2013-12-11). "iSeeYou:
ISeeYou
2017 worldwide ransomware cyberattack
The WannaCry ransomware attack was a worldwide cyberattack in May 2017 by the WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm, which targeted computers running the Microsoft
WannaCry_ransomware_attack
this tactic incorporated the night surface attack, where the submarine remained surfaced during the actual attack, rather than submerging first. This
End_Around_(submarine_tactic)
Fast attack craft class of the Finnish Navy
Hamina-class missile boat is a class of fast attack craft of the Finnish Navy. They are classified as "missile fast attack craft" or ohjusvene, literally "missile
Hamina-class_missile_boat
air-to-surface attack, on either ground or sea targets. This list does not include airships used for bombing and does not aim to include attack aircraft
List_of_bomber_aircraft
Cruise missile
Ramjet Engine are now locally developed. BrahMos has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as five metres in altitude and the maximum
BrahMos
Malicious software
features. While sandboxing is not foolproof, it significantly reduces the attack surface of common threats. Keeping browsers and operating systems updated is
Malware
Ground-launched missile designed to attack aerial targets
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched
Surface-to-air_missile
Part of the Red Sea Crisis in 2024
the Yemeni Houthi movement attacked MV Tutor, a Liberia-flagged bulk carrier, in the southern Red Sea with an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) and an anti-ship
Attacks_on_the_MV_Tutor
Brazilian family of missiles
family of all-weather, over-the-horizon anti-ship, surface-to-air, air-to-surface and land-attack missiles, that evolved into a broad range of weapons
MANSUP_(missile_family)
Computer operating system component
Windows IT Pro Center. Retrieved 14 September 2018. "Analysis of the attack surface of windows 10 virtualization-based security" (PDF). blackhat.com. Retrieved
Credential_Guard
Fixed-wing aircraft with a main central wing plus fore and aft surfaces
A three-surface aircraft or sometimes three-lifting-surface aircraft has a foreplane, a central wing and a tailplane. The central wing surface always provides
Three-surface_aircraft
Royal Australian Navy program
of surface-to-air, land-attack, anti-ship and possibly anti-ballistic missiles. The requirement for these vessels was outlined in the 2024 Surface Fleet
Australian large optionally-crewed surface vessel program
Australian_large_optionally-crewed_surface_vessel_program
Romanian submarine
spotted a small Russian submarine on the surface, probably from the Malyutka class. Delfinul tried to attack it with the deck gun, but the rough seas
NMS_Delfinul
Swedish air or surface to surface missile
long-range fire-and-forget surface-to-surface and air-to-surface anti-ship missile. The later version Mk. IV has the ability to attack land targets as well
RBS_15
Domestic terrorist attacks
far-right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik committed two domestic terrorist attacks in Norway against the government, the civilian population, and a Workers'
2011_Norway_attacks
Class of Indian naval vessels
Next Generation Fast Attack Craft (NGFAC)" (PDF). indiannavy.nic.in. "The Next Generation: An Overview Of Indian Navy's Surface Fleet Plans". 19 July
New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft
New_Water_Jet_Fast_Attack_Craft
Houthi involvement in the Gaza war
armed drones at Israel in response to the Gaza war, and have seized or attacked dozens of merchant and naval vessels travelling through the Red Sea which
Red_Sea_crisis
Missile used to attack ships
conceivably, even infantrymen firing shoulder-launched missiles. The term surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is used when appropriate. The longer-range anti-ship
Anti-ship_missile
Branch of computer security related to the automotive context
similar. Regarding the attack surfaces of the vehicle, they are usually divided in long-range, short-range, and local attack surfaces: LTE and DSRC can be
Automotive_security
Interactive whiteboard developed by Microsoft
workers. The Microsoft Surface Hub Keyboard has insufficient protection against replay attacks, so an attacker could control the Surface Hub remotely under
Surface_Hub
Attack on a human by a shark
A shark attack is an incident in which a shark bites or otherwise injures a human. Every year, around 80 unprovoked attacks are reported worldwide. Despite
Shark_attack
File format
run, but this must be done with care as it increases the potential attack surface - and there have been security vulnerabilities in XBAP. 2D drawing 3D
XAML_Browser_Applications
JavaScript application programming interface specification
introduced a new set of security risks and massively expanding the attack surface for would be malicious actors. For instance a malicious host web page
WebUSB
Maritime warfare branch of North Korea's military
of its deck to provide fire support to ground troops or attack surface ships. The DPRK's attack submarine inventory is estimated to include four former
Korean_People's_Navy
Guided missile with precision targeting capabilities and multiple launch platforms
submarine to surface in order to launch the missile and guide it to its target. The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile
Cruise_missile
1988 US attack on Iran in the Iran-Iraq War
Iranian fast-attack craft Joshan, an Iranian Kaman-class (La Combattante II type) fast attack craft, challenged Wainwright and Surface Action Group Charlie
Operation_Praying_Mantis
Control, communication, and entertainment systems in cars and other motor vehicles
causing injuries or fatalities. Every new interface presents a new "attack surface". The same facility that allows the owner to unlock and start a car
Automotive_electronics
Weapon for use in waters, triggered by the target's approach
a self-contained explosive weapon placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Similar to anti-personnel and other land mines, and
Naval_mine
Streamlined body for generating lift
of attack. Most foil shapes require a positive angle of attack to generate lift, but cambered airfoils can generate lift at zero angle of attack. Airfoils
Airfoil
Branch of underwater warfare
Common weapons for attacking submarines include torpedoes and naval mines, which can both be launched from an array of air, surface, and underwater platforms
Anti-submarine_warfare
Text-based email client for Unix-like systems
security professionals or security-conscious users because of its smaller attack surface compared with other clients that ship with a web browser rendering engine
Mutt_(email_client)
Defunct flying squadron of the Royal Air Force
and the Azores to exploit the new invention and it was also used to attack surface vessels. The squadron re-equipped with the Wellington Mark XIII and
No._172_Squadron_RAF
Air-to-surface anti-radiation missile
of the RIM-66 Standard surface-to-air missile, resulting in a very large weapon with considerable range, allowing it to attack targets as much as 50 miles
AGM-78_Standard_ARM
Protein complex
The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes
Complement membrane attack complex
Complement_membrane_attack_complex
American attack on Truk Lagoon during World War II
Operation Hailstone was a large-scale United States Navy air and surface attack on Truk Lagoon on 17–18 February 1944, conducted as part of the American
Operation_Hailstone
Steel-related engineering problem
High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA), also called hot hydrogen attack or methane reaction, is a problem which concerns steels operating at elevated
High temperature hydrogen attack
High_temperature_hydrogen_attack
program. However, the very restrictive protocol has a very small remote attack surface. The ICB protocol is not 8-bit clean. History of ICB, accessed November
Internet_Citizen's_Band
Directed physical attack
A strike is a directed, forceful physical attack, with either a part of the human body or a handheld object, intended to cause blunt or penetrating trauma
Strike_(attack)
Chinese-Pakistani surface vessel for the Pakistan Navy
The Azmat-class fast attack craft (military designation: Azmat FAC(M)) is a class of missile-bearing fast attack craft, currently in service with the
Azmat-class_fast_attack_craft
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
Girl/Female
Latin
To seek; to attack.
Boy/Male
Indian
Attract
Girl/Female
Latin
From Attica.
Boy/Male
Norse
Leader of the attack on Hlidarend.
Girl/Female
Indian
Attack
Surname or Lastname
English (of Welsh origin)
English (of Welsh origin) : variant of Maddock.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Binding, Attach together
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Binding; Attach Together
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
To Attack Violently and Persistently
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Attack;
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a large, well-built man, from Middle English stack ‘haystack’ (from Old Norse stakkr). The surname is now less common in England than in Ireland (especially County Kerry), where it was first taken in the 13th century; it has been Gaelicized Stac.German : variant of Staack.Americanized form of Polish or Czech Stach.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Attacker
Male
Teutonic
Teutonic name derived from the word atta, ATTA means "father."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Attacker
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada
Attack Like a Tiger
Girl/Female
Muslim
Attack
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Attack
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Attract
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Attack
Boy/Male
Tamil
Attract
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
ATTACK SURFACE
n.
A mark left by something that has passed along; as, the track, or wake, of a ship; the track of a meteor; the track of a sled or a wheel.
v. t.
To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as, to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet.
v. t. & i.
To attack again; to attack anew.
v. i.
To make an onset or attack.
n.
Attack; occurrence.
imp. & p. p.
of Attack
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Attack
v. i.
To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as, dower will attach.
v. t.
Especially, to attach or secure in a slight or hasty manner, as by stitching or nailing; as, to tack together the sheets of a book; to tack one piece of cloth to another; to tack on a board or shingle; to tack one piece of metal to another by drops of solder.
v. t.
To pierce; to attack.
v. t.
To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self-interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; -- with to; as, attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery.
v. t.
To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; -- with to; as, to attach great importance to a particular circumstance.
a.
A data structure within random-access memory used to simulate a hardware stack; as, a push-down stack.
n.
Course; way; as, the track of a comet.
v. t.
To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as, to attain rest.
n.
One who attacks.
n.
Assault; attack.
v. t.
To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as, to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like.
v. t.
To fasten or attach.