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Disputed Pre-Indo-European Language Family
The Atlantic languages of Semitic or "Semitidic" (para-Semitic) origin are a disputed concept in historical linguistics put forward by Theo Vennemann.
Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages
Languages of Eurasia before the arrival of Indo-European languages
Nuraghic language) Sicanian language Other propositions are generally rejected by modern linguists: Atlantic (Semitic) languages Languages attested in
Pre-Indo-European_languages
Hypothesized pre-Celtic language substrate
hypothesis refers to the hypothesized language or languages spoken in Ireland before the arrival of the Goidelic languages. Ireland was settled, like the rest
Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis
Hypothesis about the history of Germanic languages
Ancient Belgian language Atlantic (Semitic) languages Haplogroup I-M170 Haplogroup I-M253 Old Europe (archaeology) Germanic parent language Goidelic substrate
Germanic_substrate_hypothesis
There are over 520 native languages spoken in Nigeria. The two official languages are English (which was the language of Colonial Nigeria) and French
Languages_of_Nigeria
Aramaic language element appearing in another language
that originates from Aramaic (one of the Northwest Semitic languages) and appears in another language (particularly Hebrew or Arabic) as a result of historical
Aramaism
Proposal regarding Western European languages
distributions in Basque areas and Sardinia. Atlantic (Semitic) languages Atlantic Bronze Age Aquitanian language Bronze Age in Europe Indo-European substrate
Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis
outside Africa. Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include Arabic (a Semitic language, and a recent arrival from West Asia), Somali (Cushitic)
Languages_of_Africa
Religions attempting to reconstruct ancient Semitic religions
Semitic neopaganism is a group of religions based on or attempting to reconstruct the ancient Semitic religions, mostly practiced among Jews in the United
Semitic_neopaganism
False claims about Jews and Judaism
Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007. "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda
Antisemitic_trope
Insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word
Proto-Slavic *ǫtroba ("internal organs") vs. Polish wątroba ("liver") Some Semitic languages, such as Arabic and Hebrew, regularly break up initial two-consonant
Prothesis_(linguistics)
lists 81 languages spoken in Sudan. The most widely spoken language in Sudan is Arabic, a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
Languages_of_Sudan
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
the daughter languages within a language family as being genetically related. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs
Language_family
List of African ethnic groups
Ethnoreligious group Ethnic groups by country List of languages by number of native speakers List of language families Lists of people by nationality Lists of
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Africa
List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups_of_Africa
German historical linguist (born 1937)
Celtic languages may reflect ancient contact with Semitic-speaking populations, and that elements of early Germanic may have been influenced by Semitic or
Theo_Vennemann
1963 book by Joseph Greenberg
classifies Africa's languages into four stocks not presumed to be related to each other, as follows: I.A Niger–Congo I.A.1 West Atlantic I.A.1.a Northern:
The_Languages_of_Africa
official languages used in United Nations (UN) meetings and in which the UN writes and publishes all its official documents. In 1946, five languages were
Official languages of the United Nations
Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations
Extinct languages of Africa
75 languages listed. Languages of Africa List of endangered languages in Africa Language endangerment and extinction in Africa L These languages can
List of extinct languages of Africa
List_of_extinct_languages_of_Africa
Codes of a library classification system
Hellenic languages 490 Other languages 490 Other languages 491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages 492 Afro-Asiatic languages 493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic
List_of_Dewey_Decimal_classes
(kanëp) Armenian (kanap) Baltic languages (Lithuanian kanãpė, Latvian kaņepe, and Old Prussian knapios) Some Finnic languages (Ingrian kaneppi and Estonian
Etymology_of_cannabis
its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before
Languages_of_Somalia
Andamanese languages Australian languages and Tasmanian languages Caucasian languages Khoisan languages Nuba Mountains languages Paleo-Siberian
List_of_language_families
Substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales
Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-01-11. Edward Lipinski | Semitic Languages Outline of A Comparative Grammar | Department Of Oriental Studies
Ambergris
history of the sprachraum. Extinct language Language death Lists of endangered languages Lists of extinct languages Last surviving native speaker. Last
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
People of Morocco
as well as those who natively speak Moroccan Arabic, Berber languages, or other languages of Morocco. In addition to the approximately 37 million residents
Moroccans
Israeli linguist
OCLC 727479951. ———; Kouwenberg, N. J. C., eds. (2006). The Akkadian language in its Semitic context: studies in the Akkadian of the third and second millennium
Guy_Deutscher_(linguist)
Outdated grouping of human beings
branches of the Afroasiatic language family, which, together with the Semitic branch, was formerly labelled "Hamito-Semitic". Because the three Hamitic
Hamites
Topics referred to by the same term
diapers Abu (Arabic term), a kunya when written in the construct state Ab (Semitic), a common part of Arabic-derived names, meaning "father of" in Arabic
Abu
the Old Testament. Harvard was the first American college to offer Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac in 1640. Later on, Arabic
Arabic language in the United States
Arabic_language_in_the_United_States
Russian-American journalist
The New Yorker, Foreign Policy, The New Republic, Politico, GQ, and The Atlantic. Her work has also appeared in The Washington Post, The New York Times
Julia_Ioffe
Dené–Yeniseian languages are a recent proposal which has been generally well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed
List of proposed language families
List_of_proposed_language_families
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews
not speak Hebrew, a Semitic language. Though antisemitism could be construed as prejudice against people who speak Semitic languages, this is not how the
Antisemitism
national languages, namely Arabic, Buduma, Fulfulde, Gourmanchéma, Hausa, Kanuri, Zarma & Songhai, Tamasheq, Tassawaq, Tebu. These ten national languages, their
Languages_of_Niger
Usage of wording balanced in its treatment of the genders in a non-grammatical sense
gender-neutral language. Unlike genderless languages like English, constructing a gender-neutral sentence can be difficult or impossible in these languages due to
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender
Outdated grouping of human beings
the Indo-European languages. Both of these uses are considered obsolete nowadays. Only the Semitic peoples form a well-defined language family. The Indo-European
Japhetites
as a Berber language. Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford Univ. 1987) at 92, 93. I. M. Diakonoff, Journal of Semitic Studies (1998)
History_of_early_Tunisia
Fictional languages and scripts
developed. Critics contend the languages constructed for the films compared unfavorably with the true constructed languages found in some other fictional
Languages_in_Star_Wars
German Jewish scholar of Semitic studies
such subjects as "The Talmud," "Islam," "Semitic Culture," "Egypt," "Ancient and Modern," "Semitic Languages," "The Targums," "The Samaritan Pentateuch
Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch
Immanuel_Oscar_Menahem_Deutsch
Moribund Berber language of Mauritania and Senegal
de Mauritanie ", Faits de Langues n° 26 [special issue on Hamito=Semitic languages (afro-asiatiques, vol. 1), Éd. A. Lonnet & A. Mettouchi], Paris, Ophrys
Zenaga_language
Seventh letter of the Latin alphabet
English language (after Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words. Most Romance languages and some Scandinavian languages also
G
Region where a proto-language was spoken
2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal
Linguistic_homeland
In linguistics, a commonly seen sequence of sounds meaning "mother" and "father"
Very few languages lack labial consonants (this mostly being attested on a family basis, in the Iroquoian and some of the Athabaskan languages), and only
Mama_and_papa
Arab interpreter of Eurasian languages
obviously more closely related to the other languages mentioned, though both are derived from the same Semitic root. There has been speculation of a Hittite
Dragoman
Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises one Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which
Languages_of_Cameroon
Script used to write the Greek language
Phoenician alphabet, one of the closely related scripts used for the West Semitic languages, calling it Φοινικήια γράμματα 'Phoenician letters'. However, the
Greek_alphabet
Afro-Asiatic Amharic and Somali languages, respectively, as their official languages, although Arabic also serves as a secondary language in Somalia. Eritrea and
List_of_regions_of_Africa
Topics referred to by the same term
system tav, ISO 639-3 code for the Tatuyo language of Colombia Tav (letter), the last letter of many Semitic abjads The Artists Village, an experimental
Tav
Collection of English words and their meanings, published by HarperCollins
The fourth edition (2000, reissued in 2006) added an appendix of Semitic language etymological roots, and included color illustrations, and was also
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language
Extinct language in Scotland
of Semitic languages occupied western Europe before the arrival of Indo-European, suggested that Pictish was a survivor of this supposed language group
Pictish_language
a list of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants that are based or partially based on Indo-European languages. Solombala English, from Solombala
List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages
List_of_pidgins,_creoles,_mixed_languages_and_cants_based_on_Indo-European_languages
Standardized literary variety of Arabic
https://asianabsolute.co.uk/arabic-language-dialects/ Arabic Language Dialects Wolfdietrich Fischer. 1997. "Classical Arabic," The Semitic Languages. London: Routledge
Modern_Standard_Arabic
Southern region of Europe
Mediterranean Sea. The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the
Southern_Europe
Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic human migration events
peoples from all over East Africa as well as the introduction of Semitic languages into the region. Moreover, analysis has also recognized that some
Eurasian_backflow
Dialect of Moroccan Arabic spoken in Ceuta, Spain
Moroccan Arabic dialect areas on the northern; the Jebala region and the Atlantic coast up to the city of Larache) spoken by the native inhabitants of Ceuta
Ceuta_Arabic
Migrations out of the Proto-Indo-European homeland
the derived Indo-European languages, which took place from around 4000 to 1000 BCE, explaining how these related languages came to be spoken across a
Indo-European_migrations
American Near Eastern scholar (1908–2001)
Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece (1965). Gordon also held that Jews, Phoenicians, and others crossed the Atlantic in antiquity, ultimately
Cyrus_H._Gordon
Middle Eastern goddess, worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity
Near Eastern goddess ʿAṯtart. ʿAṯtart was the Northwest Semitic equivalent of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar. Astarte was worshipped from the Bronze Age
Astarte
Human movement over the earth
500 BC. Many scholars believe that the Ethiopian Semitic languages descended from the South Semitic branch which was spoken in the South Arabia. According
Pre-modern_human_migration
Set of monotheistic religions
Hebrew: A Linguistic Analysis Of Its Different Types. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 43. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13841-4
Abrahamic_religions
1967 essay by James Baldwin
"Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White" was a 1967 essay written by American writer James Baldwin that first appeared in the Sunday magazine
Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White
Negroes_Are_Anti-Semitic_Because_They're_Anti-White
Blank area that separates text
printed glyphs (characters). Conventions for spacing vary among languages, and in some languages the spacing rules are complex.[citation needed] Inter-word
Space_(punctuation)
Topics referred to by the same term
List of Ethiopians also Ethiopic, the Ethiopian Semitic languages more specifically, the Ge'ez language Historically, Aethiopian was also: a term referring
Ethiopian_(disambiguation)
Indo-Aryan language
scheduled languages and officially recognized languages in the Constitution of India and has been conferred the status of the official language in many
Urdu
American rabbi (1947–2018)
Posner was a scholar of comparative Semitic languages, including Aramaic and Syriac. Posner was born in Atlantic City to Ralph and Doris (Silver) Posner
David_M._Posner
Archaeological theory
or Norse settlers, but with the Phoenicians (or, alternatively, other Semitic peoples) in the first millennium BC. The Sargasso Sea may have been known
Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas
Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas
Transcontinental geopolitical region
countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also
Middle_East
West Germanic language spoken by Ashkenazi Jews
varieties of Yiddish include elements of Slavic languages and the vocabulary contains traces of Romance languages. Yiddish has traditionally been written using
Yiddish
State in Mesopotamia (c. 2334–2154 BC)
"King of the Four Quarters." The Semitic Akkadian language became the empire's lingua franca, although Sumerian (a language isolate) remained important in
Akkadian_Empire
Variant of a language
Janet C.E. (2011-12-21). "50. Arabic Dialects (general article)". The Semitic Languages. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 851–896. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.851.
Dialect
Continent
form of the Semitic word is very poor", while Beekes considers a connection to Semitic languages improbable. Most major world languages use words derived
Europe
Dravidian language
its words from various foreign languages: mainly from the Semitic languages including Arabic, and the European languages including Dutch and Portuguese
Malayalam
Speculative historical theories
Cyrus H. Gordon believed that Phoenicians and other Semitic-speaking groups had crossed the Atlantic in antiquity, ultimately arriving in both North and
Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories
Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories
15th-century codex in an unknown script
of the ten most common words is similar to those of the Semitic, Iranian, and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, lexical diversity
Voynich_manuscript
Part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning
stem comparisons across languages have helped reveal cognates that have allowed comparative linguists to determine language families and their history
Word_stem
Continent
as Habesha) speak languages from the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic
Africa
Languages associated with scientific research
Languages of science are vehicular languages used by one or several scientific communities for international communication. According to the science historian
Languages_of_science
Biblical figure, son of Noah
in Greek: Moschoi), who claimed to represent non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, possibly "Proto-Iberian" tribes that inhabited Anatolia during the 3rd-1st
Japheth
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
expansion,spreading Afro-Asiatic languages, eventually morphing into Saharan Pastoralists and spreading Afro-Asiatic languages. Sample SKH003 and SKH002 were
Haplogroup_T-M184
Professor at the University of Cambridge (born 1968)
and the students were Jewish, condemned Gopal's remarks as evoking anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Gopal released a statement saying that Varsity had
Priyamvada_Gopal
Vernacular Arabic spoken in Morocco
known as Judeo-Moroccan Arabic, using Hebrew script. A risala on Semitic languages written in Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic by Judah ibn Quraish to the Jews
Moroccan_Arabic
Bashkir, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kazakh, Nogai, Tatar, Turkish, Crimean Tatar. Semitic languages, including: Maltese an arabic dialect spoken in Malta, Suret/Turoyo
Ethnic_groups_in_Europe
Ethnic group
world. Before the spread of Arabic language in the wake of the Arab conquests, "Arab" largely referred to the Semitic inhabitants—both settled and nomadic—of
Arabs
South African-Canadian-American family
Joshua (September 21, 2023). "Elon Musk's Anti-Semitic, Apartheid-Loving Grandfather". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. "Elon
Musk_family
Collection of words and their meanings
specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical and stroke for logographic languages), which
Dictionary
Peninsula in southwestern Europe
Iberian languages descend from Vulgar Latin and belong to the Western Romance languages. Throughout history and pre-history, many different languages have
Iberian_Peninsula
Chair of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages advanced the linguistic curricula by introducing further Semitic languages beyond Hebrew including Aramaic,
Hancock_Professor_of_Hebrew
"Proto-Semitic Lexicon". in Weninger, Stefan and Khan, Geoffrey and Streck, Michael P and Watson, Janet C. E (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International
Politics of food in the Arab–Israeli conflict
Politics_of_food_in_the_Arab–Israeli_conflict
Politically motivated accusations of antisemitism
Anti-Semitism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 April 2026. "New York Times Publishes Unqualified Recommendation for Insanely Anti-Semitic Book". Tablet Magazine
Weaponization_of_antisemitism
President of Hungary from 2024 to 2026
statement. Accordingly, László Sulyok was a member of the pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic Hungarian National Socialist Party led by Fidél Pálffy and László Baky
Tamás_Sulyok
American social networking service
October 18, 2012. The policy was used again the following day to remove anti-Semitic French tweets with the hashtag #unbonjuif ("a good Jew"). After the sharing
X_(social_network)
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
(see Etymology of Syria). The East Semitic-speaking polities of Ebla and the Akkadian Empire, the Northwest Semitic-speaking Amorites ("Amurru"), and the
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Consonant articulated through the pharynx
back wall of the pharynx. In a few languages, such as Achumawi, Amis of Taiwan and perhaps some of the Salishan languages, the two movements are combined
Pharyngeal_consonant
American policy prioritizing U.S. interests over other nations
Brian (January 20, 2017). "'America First,' a phrase with a loaded anti-Semitic and isolationist history". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original
America_First
Archive Semitic Studies, Volume 1 Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by Alan Kaye, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1991, p.867 The Semitic Languages Archived
Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus
Second letter of the Greek alphabet
acrophonic name of the corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common Semitic word *bayt ('house', compare Arabic: بيت bayt and Hebrew: בית báyit). In
Beta
International standard codes for language families
639-5:2008 "Codes for the representation of names of languages—Part 5: Alpha-3 code for language families and groups" is an international standard published
ISO_639-5
'America First'". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 20, 2024. Little, Katie (February 17, 2017). "Donald Trump: I am the least anti-Semitic person that 'you've
History of antisemitism in the United States
History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States
People from Ancient Carthage
Peninsula, Malta, and Ibiza. Their language, Punic, was a variety of Phoenician, one of the Northwest Semitic languages originating in the Levant. Literary
Punic_people
the "Islands of the Sun". His name seems not to be Greek and reveals a Semitic or an Arabic origin. His work did not survive in the original, but only
Iambulus
1995 book by Benjamin Barber
expressed regret using "Jihad" as it became descriptive and solely applied to Semitic peoples who believe in Islam and not, as he had hoped, applied to both
Jihad_vs._McWorld
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