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Long-term process of a region becoming increasingly arid
Aridification is the process of a region becoming increasingly arid, or dry. It refers to long term change, rather than seasonal variation. It is often
Aridification
Severe climatic event starting around 2200 BC
The 4.2-kiloyear event (also known as the 4.2 ka event) was an aridification event (long-term drought), 4,200 years ago. It was one of the most severe
4.2-kiloyear_event
First epoch of the Quaternary Period
(pleîstos), meaning "most", and καινός (kainós), meaning "new, recent". The aridification and cooling trends of the preceding Neogene were continued in the Pleistocene
Pleistocene
Earth's most severe extinction event
Vyazniki fossil beds in Russia suggests it took only a few thousand years. Aridification induced by global warming was the chief culprit behind terrestrial vertebrate
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
significant trend of increasing aridification can be observed over the course of the Cisuralian. Early Permian aridification was most notable in Pangaean
Permian
First epoch of the Neogene Period
uplifting the Tibetan Plateau, resulting in the rain shadowing and aridification of the Asian interior. The Tian Shan experienced significant uplift
Miocene
Desert on the African continent
temperatures resulting from a shift in Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining
Sahara
Second epoch of the Neogene Period
course of the Late Miocene and Pliocene, indicating increased aridification. Further aridification of Central Asia was caused by the development of Northern
Pliocene
Province of Pakistan
response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually
Sindh
Oceanic division
giant tortoise. An analysis of these remains suggests a process of aridification began in the southwest Indian Ocean began around 4,000 years ago.
Indian_Ocean
Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia
extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable. Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise,
Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Peninsula in southwestern Europe
upper Guadiana basin (in the southern meseta) in a context of extreme aridification in the area in the wake of the 4.2-kiloyear climatic event, which roughly
Iberian_Peninsula
North Atlantic ice rafting events
Asian monsoon for at least the past 9,000 years and also with most aridification events in the Middle East for the past 55,000 years (both Heinrich and
Bond_event
Egyptian pharaoh
the time suggests times of hardship, possibly related to a widespread aridification of the Middle East, known as the 4.2 kiloyear event. As a pharaoh of
Menkare
Conversion of forest to non-forest for human use
logging Mountaintop removal Slash-and-burn Slash-and-char Desertification Aridification Historic desertification Moisture recycling Soil retrogression and degradation
Deforestation
First series of the Permian
The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch. The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns
Cisuralian
Mesoamerican species of bird
their respective distributions allow ecologists to map the process of aridification induced by anthropogenic climate change. Some literature thus considers
Turquoise-browed_motmot
Species of amphibian
ambient forest moisture for homeostasis and reproduction, highland aridification and warming pose serious potential threats to these species. The phenomenon
Pseudophilautus_steineri
Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples
destroyed by the Aryans. Later, this position was discredited, with climate aridification being viewed as the likely cause of the collapse of the Indus Valley
Aryan
Current geological epoch
transition that lasted until 590 BP, when the region experienced significant aridification and began to be extensively used by humans for livestock herding. In
Holocene
Largest living species of lizard
dragon. A major future threat to the species is climate change via both aridification and sea level rise, which can affect the low-lying habitats and valleys
Komodo_dragon
Extinct species of archaic human
grassland and woodland savannas, which were expanding due to a global aridification trend at the onset of the Quaternary glaciation. H. erectus is usually
Homo_erectus
Northernmost region of Africa
drying and the introduction of livestock in which the natural (orbital) aridification was amplified by the spread of shrubs and open land due to grazing.
North_Africa
Extinct genus of flowering plants
Mimoseae diversified during the Miocene, possibly due to a period of aridification. The holotype material for Simojoflorum was found within Mexican amber
Simojoflorum
Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)
characterized by humid, rainy climates, which were followed by drying and aridification in the 19th century. As studied by Tibby et al. (2018), lake records
Little_Ice_Age
Extinction event around 260 million years ago
and concludes that the end of the Capitanian was marked by massive aridification in the region, although the temperature remained largely the same, suggesting
Capitanian mass extinction event
Capitanian_mass_extinction_event
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
Traps) and resultant massive spike in greenhouse gases caused rapid aridification due to temperature spike, acid rain, frequent wildfires, and potential
Gorgonopsia
3300–2000 BC Chinese archaeological culture
production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural decline. The Majiayao
Majiayao_culture
Species of large bird from East Asia
Compounding this, the Far East has experienced a pronounced trend toward aridification in recent years, causing severe reductions in wetland areas. Pollution
Red-crowned_crane
(voice) 5 episodes 2022 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver God Episode: "Aridification of the Western U.S." 2023 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Anubis (voice) Episode:
List of Brian Cox performances
List_of_Brian_Cox_performances
Bronze Age culture around the upper Yellow River region
production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural decline. [-2000]
Qijia_culture
Extinct genus of mammals
evolution between late European species and D. bozasi in response to aridification and an increased need for effective mastication. It has been argued
Deinotherium
Order of flowering plants
multiple intercontinental dispersal events. One factor was product of aridification, other groups responded to favorable climatic periods and expanded across
Cucurbitales
One hundred years, from 2200 BC to 2101 BC
between the years 2200 BC and 2101 BC. 4.2-kiloyear event: A severe aridification event that probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC and caused the
22nd_century_BC
Third epoch of the Paleogene Period
Tibetan Plateau disappeared at the transition, pointing to cooling and aridification of central Asia. Pollen and spore counts in marine sediments of the
Oligocene
Subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch
by the 41-kyr obliquity cycle. The early Calabrian saw a significant aridification event in East Africa about 1.7 Ma, which is associated with a spread
Calabrian_stage
Medium-sized North American wild cat
probably separated during Pleistocene interglacial periods due to the aridification of the region. The bobcat resembles other species of the midsize genus
Bobcat
Paleontological site in the Northern Territory
The Alcoota and Bullock Creek fossil faunas provide evidence that aridification was in progress in northern Australia during the mid-Miocene geological
Alcoota
Windbreak forests planted in northern China
logging Mountaintop removal Slash-and-burn Slash-and-char Desertification Aridification Historic desertification Moisture recycling Soil retrogression and degradation
Great_Green_Wall_(China)
Extinction event at the end of the Moscovian in the Carboniferous
carbon. In the latest Middle Pennsylvanian (late Moscovian) a cycle of aridification began, coinciding with abrupt faunal changes in marine and terrestrial
Carboniferous rainforest collapse
Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse
Extinct subfamily of reptiles
believed to have gone extinct due to an especially severe period of aridification. While mekosuchines recovered during the Pliocene, the continuous decline
Mekosuchinae
Third stage of the Permian
gradually been occurring since the Carboniferous-Permian boundary. Major aridification during the AWE is evidenced by a positive δ18O excursion observed in
Artinskian
Locations where civilization emerged
extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable. Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilization's demise,
Cradle_of_civilization
Migrations of Indo-Aryans into the Indian subcontinent
mobile form of pastoralism". In the third millennium BCE widespread aridification led to water shortages and ecological changes in both the Eurasian steppes
Indo-Aryan_migrations
Intermittent river in India and Pakistan
the decentralised late Harappan phase took place. The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological
Ghaggar-Hakra_River
and by environmental constraints on speciation linked to prolonged aridification of Africa than by elevated extinction rates. Evidence from the study
2026_in_paleomammalogy
Archaeological culture
buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros) and some gathering. As a result of a hyper-aridification event of Saharan Africa, which occurred around the time of Europe's
Aterian
due to agriculture and aridification. 790–410 BC MacPhee's shrew tenrec Microgale macpheei Southeastern Madagascar Aridification. 787–320 BC Jamaican ibis
Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene
Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene
Species of Australian marsupial
uplifting of the Great Dividing Range, contributing to and coinciding with aridification of the interior of Australia, including on the western side of the range
Sugar_glider
Extinct species of elephant
recki/jolensis lineage in Africa has either been attributed to the increasing aridification of Africa across the Middle Pleistocene, or the growing sophistication
Palaeoloxodon_jolensis
Major river in West Africa
yams, African rice (Oryza glaberrima), and pearl millet. The Sahara aridification may have triggered, or at least accelerated, these domestications. Agriculture
Niger_River
Extinct genus of reptiles
are unknown, but it is hypothesized that another period of intense aridification gradually dried up the river basins and destroyed the forests that the
Quinkana
Episode list for an American late-night talk show
States secretary of state elections 255 16 Colorado River Compact and aridification of the Western U.S. June 26, 2022 (2022-06-26) 0.46 Other segment: Dobbs
List of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episodes
List_of_Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver_episodes
Collection of ethnic groups indigenous to Nile Valley in East Africa
Eastern Sudanic cultural sphere. As the Sahara underwent increasing aridification after 4000 BCE, these populations gradually migrated eastward and southward
Nilotic_peoples
Creek and fossil site in Northern Territory
probably high ambient temperatures. The assemblage provides evidence that aridification was in progress in northern Australia during the Miocene. The fossil
Bullock Creek (Northern Territory)
Bullock_Creek_(Northern_Territory)
the species requires denser vegetation and was faced with increased aridification and more open environments that favored jackrabbits and desert cottontails
Paleobiota of the La Brea Tar Pits
Paleobiota_of_the_La_Brea_Tar_Pits
Family of scorpions
"Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains". Insect Systematics and Diversity
Pseudochactidae
Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch
600 ka to 400 ka. The late Middle Pleistocene was a time of regional aridification in the Levant, with a shallow lake covering what is now the Shishan
Middle_Pleistocene
Second epoch of the Paleogene Period
transition around 34 Ma. The post-MECO cooling brought with it a major aridification trend in Asia, enhanced by retreating seas. A monsoonal climate remained
Eocene
Process by which fertile areas of land become increasingly arid
desertification emerged from the study of the 1980s drought in the Sahel. Aridification Oasification Deforestation and climate change Soil retrogression and
Desertification
Turkish woodlands and maquis
drying of wetlands in Central Anatolia are the most obvious examples of aridification. The severity of drought and the area affected will increase with the
Forests_of_Turkey
Genus of cactus
Bethany A.; Testo, Weston; Negrón-Ortíz, Vivian (2021). "Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular
Consolea
Species of fish
Pleistocene eras in Africa were marked by rapid climate change and the aridification of the continent. P. normani's diversification and separation from its
Poropanchax_normani
Protected area in Chile
landscape during the Paleogene / Neogene, which retracted due to the aridification of the region, with an approximate age of divergence with the southern
Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park
Bosque_de_Fray_Jorge_National_Park
Extinct genus of birds
Zhonghe Zhou (31 March 2020). "Evidence of Late Miocene Peri-Tibetan Aridification From the Oldest Asian Species of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)". Frontiers
Linxiavis
Holocene climate period during which northern Africa was wetter than today
G.R.; Ganssen, G.M.; Kroon, D. (30 April 2004). "Stepwise Holocene aridification in NE Africa deduced from dust-borne radiogenic isotope records". Earth
African_humid_period
Westernmost region of the African continent
pastoral culture, and others may have not. As a result of increasing aridification of the Green Sahara, Central Saharan hunter-gatherers and cattle herders
West_Africa
Eocene–Oligocene transition event, a major episode of global cooling and aridification which occurred 34–49 Ma. The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches:
Climate_of_India
Archaeological site located in the Orontes River Valley of western Syria
out that Tell Qarqur not only survived "4.2 kiloyear event", a severe aridification event that brought collapse to nearby civilisations, but even expanded
Tell_Qarqur
Active continental rift zone in East Africa
formation of the east–west valleys could in turn be important for the aridification of East Africa over millions of years. The barrier presented by EARS
East_African_Rift
committed to the Harappan culture. Declining climatic conditions, (aridification) and population displacement (Indo-Aryan migration) are regarded as
Culture_of_South_Asia
Various classifications of Dinosauria
resulting in an arid to semi-arid climate in an abrupt shift. After this aridification, the climate transitioned to become humid again with a stabilization
Dinosaur_classification
Family of plants
fragmented and isolated population distribution could be attributed to aridification during the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary, which restricted the
Welwitschiaceae
animal. Frequently, sheep and goats appear, suggesting the ongoing aridification of the Saharan climate. Pastoral scenes predominate. The figures, herdsmen
Rock art of Iheren and Tahilahi
Rock_art_of_Iheren_and_Tahilahi
studies of the area. Studies of the sedimentary sequences suggests an aridification phase with seasonal precipitation patterns increasing and reducing total
Bouqaia
Extinct small human species found in Flores
Matthew J.; Suwargadi, Bambang W. (8 December 2025). "Onset of summer aridification and the decline of Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua 61,000 years ago"
Homo_floresiensis
Extinct species of elephant
recki/jolensis lineage in Africa has either been attributed to the increasing aridification of Africa across the Middle Pleistocene, or the growing sophistication
Palaeoloxodon_recki
Sandstone massif in Algeria's central Sahara Desert
the Pastoral period and the earlier two periods, coinciding with the aridification of the Sahara. There is increased stylistic variation, implying the
Tassili_n'Ajjer
Extinct genus of monotremes
and moist climates. Their extinction can be attributed to increasing aridification in Southern Australia. Megalibgwilia was first described from a broken
Megalibgwilia
period possibly linked to the Piora Oscillation: a rapid and intense aridification event, which probably started the current Sahara Desert dry phase and
Timeline_of_prehistory
Archeological age, 3200–600 BC
basin (in Iberian Peninsula's southern meseta) in a context of extreme aridification in the area in the wake of the 4.2-kiloyear climatic event, which roughly
Bronze_Age_Europe
Extinct genus of dasyuromorphian
that inhabited rainforest environments, making it vulnerable to the aridification associated with the Mid-Brunhes climatic shift. Cramb, Jonathan; Hocknull
Urrayira
Water released by the melting of snow or ice
water security year-round, but this is threatened by climate change and aridification. Cities that rely heavily on glacial meltwater include La Paz and El
Meltwater
Period of geologic time (1.95–0.4 Ma) during the Early and Middle Pleistocene
98 Ma - 0.4 Ma) oversaw a major faunal turnover event induced by the aridification of the climate. In Baradero (Ensenada Formation) and San Pedro of Buenos
Ensenadan
found in the Americas. 2200 – 2100 BC: 4.2-kiloyear event: a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond event, which was registered throughout
Timeline_of_ancient_history
Species of bird
not involve separation by ice sheets building up in Europe, but by aridification of the Arabian region (which also occurred throughout the Ice Ages)
Lesser_whitethroat
Geologic formation in Malaysia
the Sarawak Basin, Malaysia, in response to Neogene global cooling, aridification and grassland expansion". CATENA. 173: 445–455. Bibcode:2019Caten.173
Begrih_Formation
Animal extinctions in the African continent since 9700 BCE
Africa in the Holocene and survived until 3060-2470 BCE. Increased aridification and competition with domestic cattle have both been suggested as causes
List of African species extinct in the Holocene
List_of_African_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene
but cooling in the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. Aridification For the first time, scientists... have clearly documented current
2024_in_climate_change
Deified river mentioned in the Vedas and ancient Indian epics
the decentralised late Harappan phase took place. The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological
Saraswati_River
Period before the First Dynasty of Egypt
trade c. 4000 BC: Conifer wood imported from West Asia c. 3900 BC: An aridification event in the Sahara leads to human migration to the Nile Valley c. 3500
Prehistoric_Egypt
Mass extinction event
vegetationally heterogeneous habitats. Global cooling during the MMCT caused aridification in North Africa and South Asia. In the Qaidam Basin, silicate weathering
Middle_Miocene_disruption
Gradual destruction of land
erosion, soil contamination, soil acidification, sheet erosion, silting, aridification, salinization, urbanization, etc. A problem with defining land degradation
Land_degradation
Area of land where little precipitation occurs
its surface receive much precipitation. Geography portal World portal Aridification Arid Lands Information Network Desert greening Desertification Deserts
Desert
Archaeological Site
well-being at the site. In addition, periods of hyperaridity and increasing aridification in Central Asia were shown to correspond to periods of stable rainfall
Vadnagar_archaeological_site
Species of true bug
ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33056174. Owen, Christopher L., et al. "How the aridification of Australia structured the biogeography and influenced the diversification
Punia_minima
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
Madagascar's biota, which at the time was already stressed by natural aridification, were human hunting, herding, farming, and forest clearing, all of which
Holocene_extinction
Natural region in Mauritania
paintings found in the area such as the Agrour Amogjar. The more recent aridification has left much of the archaeology intact, most notable several stone
Adrar_Plateau
Rapid global cooling about 8,200 years ago
In West Asia, especially Mesopotamia, the event precluded a 300-year aridification and cooling episode which may have provided the natural force for Mesopotamian
8.2-kiloyear_event
Extinct genus of beaver
local glacial periods within the Last Glacial Maximum that brought aridification to the habitats and made them unsuitable. Radiocarbon dates from Ohio
Castoroides
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