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Scottish historian
Alan V. Murray is a Scottish historian and philologist specializing in the history of the Crusades, the Baltic region in the Middle Ages, medieval warfare
Alan_V._Murray
Topics referred to by the same term
Alan Murray may refer to: Alan Murray (footballer) (1949–2026), English football manager Alan Robert Murray (1954–2021), sound editor Alan Murray (golfer)
Alan_Murray
12th-century clergyman, writer, and Archbishop of Tyre
Riley-Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 217–229. Murray, Alan V. (2006). "William of Tyre.". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4
William_of_Tyre
German-language chronicle about Livonia
to an audience, this would not have occurred at mealtimes. Historian Alan V. Murray notes that the Order's own regulations stated that during mealtimes
Livonian_Rhymed_Chronicle
Part of the Crusades
In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 448. Edgington, Susan B. (2006). "Thaddeus of Naples". In Alan V. Murray (ed
Siege_of_Acre_(1291)
University Press. pp. 107–108. J. S. C. Riley-Smith; Jonathan Phillips; Alan V. Murray; Guy Perry; Nicholas Morton. "A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land
Women_in_the_Crusades
1096–1099 Christian re-conquest of the Holy Land
Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades – An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara. Resources for Studying the Crusades (10 July 2024). "Dr. Alan Murray"
First_Crusade
American physician and convicted felon (born 1953)
on the day of the singer's death in 2009. In 2011, during People v. Murray, Murray was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in Jackson's death for having
Conrad_Murray
Lotharingian nobleman and military leader
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 150. Murray, Alan V. (2006). "Cono of Montaigu (d. 1106)". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol
Conon,_Count_of_Montaigu
Seigneuries created in 1099
Retrieved 15 December 2017. Susan Edington and Alan V. Murray, "Western Sources", in Alan V. Murray, ed., The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential
Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Asian Studies. Burgtorf, Jochen (2006). "Forbie, Battle of (1244)". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: D–J. ABC-CLIO. p. 449
Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246
Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246
Part of the University of Leeds, England
team of the International Medieval Bibliography (led since 1995 by Alan V. Murray), and the organising staff of the International Medieval Congress (led
Institute for Medieval Studies
Institute_for_Medieval_Studies
12th-century knight in the Levant
1126, Mayer posits that they may be the same person. Mayer's colleague Alan V. Murray is doubtful because "there is a significant difference in meaning" between
Bernard_Vacher
(1238/43–1264/77) Sidon Sea Castle Beaufort Castle, Lebanon Caesarea Castle Alan V. Murray in his book The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125
House_of_Grenier
Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in the Wisconsin Collaborative
Chronologies_of_the_Crusades
American sound editor (1954–2021)
Alan Robert Murray (July 30, 1954 – February 24, 2021) was an American sound editor. Murray was nominated for ten Academy Awards. In 2007, Murray won
Alan_Robert_Murray
Lord of Caesarea, Kingdom of Jerusalem
in the Near East some time between 1099 and August 1105". Historian Alan V. Murray in his book The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125
Eustace_Grenier
Prince of Antioch from 1136 to 1149
historian Malcolm Barber gives no credence to any of these rumors. Alan V. Murray argues that Raymond is more likely to have been Baldwin's father. He
Raymond_of_Poitiers
1189 event in Iberia during the Third Crusade
2020, p. 9. Barroca 2006. Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 3: K–P. ABC-CLIO. pp. 979–984
Alvor_massacre
Component of the Crusades (1179)
Jacob’s Ford". Available from bbc.co.uk, accessed 17 February 2008. Alan V. Murray, ed., "Jacob’s Ford". in The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, 2006 ed., pgs
Siege_of_Jacob's_Ford
1507 and 1508 events in Edinburgh, Scotland
Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), pp. xlv―lii, 365, 372 Alan V. Murray, Rosalind Brown-Grant, "The Emprise of the Wild Knight of the Black
Wild Knight and the Black Lady
Wild_Knight_and_the_Black_Lady
102. ISBN 978-1-4051-2377-8. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Jonathan Phillips, Alan V. Murray, Guy Perry and Nicholas Morton (2016). A Database of Crusaders to the
Ludolf_of_Tournai
Flemish chronicler
the accession of Thierry of Alsace as count in the summer of 1128. Alan V. Murray. 1994. ‘Voices of Flanders: Orality and Constructed Orality in the Chronicle
Galbert_of_Bruges
Queen of Jerusalem (r. 1205–1212)
Champagne, John was of a much lower status than Maria. The historians Alan V. Murray and Guy Perry believe that John was championed by the countess of Champagne
Maria_of_Montferrat
Solemn promise to God that one will participate in a crusade
Press. pp. 327–328. ISBN 0313316597. Bird, Jessalynn (2006). "Vow". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1233–1237
Crusade_vow
Roman Catholic military order founded by crusaders around 1119
University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60473-5. Burgtorf, Jochen (2006). Alan V. Murray (ed.). "Siege of Acre, 1291". The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. I. Santa
Order_of_Saint_Lazarus
2011 manslaughter trial in California, US
People v. Murray (The People of the State of California v. Conrad Robert Murray) is the American criminal trial of Michael Jackson's personal physician
People_v._Murray
Forgiveness of sin in return for support for Christian Holy War
ISBN 0313316597. Bird, Jessalynn (2006). "Indulgences and Penance". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: D–J. ABC-CLIO. pp. 633–637
Crusade_indulgence
Academic conference in Leeds, England
director Lesley Johnson (1957–). In 1989, the Bibliography team gained Alan V. Murray as Assistant Editor; the historian Wendy Childs took over as director
International Medieval Congress
International_Medieval_Congress
Medieval noblewoman
their mother, but the historian Alan V. Murray emphasizes that no primary sources mention this. According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when he translated
Godehilde_of_Tosny
Queen of Jerusalem from 1100 to 1105
Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2003, vol. II, pp. 1039–1040. Murray, Alan V. The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. Prosopographica
Arda_of_Armenia
13th-century king of Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem
adolescento desponsavit; que non post multum temporis defuncta est." See Alan V. Murray (1986), "Reinbot von Durne's Der heilige Georg as Crusading Literature"
Conrad_IV_of_Germany
Unsanctioned crusades
World (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001). Gary Dickson, "Popular Crusades", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), vol. 3, pp. 975–979
Popular_crusades
of Haifa c. 1109. Few details of his life are known. The historian Alan V. Murray says that Pagan likely received the Lordship of Haifa in the Kingdom
Pagan_I_of_Haifa
Occitan noble family (900s–1200s)
disappears thereafter. Costen, Michael D. (2006). "Trencavel, Family". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 3
Trencavel
11th-century count of Hainaut
The First Crusaders 1095-1131 (Cambridge, third print 2004), 147. Alan V. Murray, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099-1125. Prosopographica
Baldwin_II_of_Hainaut
Orthodox monastery in Russia
"Consequences of the Baltic Crusades in Target Areas: The Case of Karelia". In Alan V. Murray, ed. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500. (Aldershot
Valaam_Monastery
Muslim World (2001). Edited by R. Mottahedeh and Angeliki Laiou. Alan V. Murray. Alan V. Murray, a Scottiish historian specializing on the Crusades. From Clermont
List of modern historians of the Crusades
List_of_modern_historians_of_the_Crusades
Historical Baltic tribal group
paveldėtojai". alkas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 21 September 2021. Alan V. Murray (2009). The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier. Ashgate
Old_Prussians
Town in Scottish Borders, Scotland
(1951-2023), antiques expert Andrew Murdison (1898–1968), rugby player Alan V. Murray, historian Thomas Paterson Noble, (1887–1959), surgeon Chris Paterson
Galashiels
Provençal army from the First Crusade
London, 1922 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles
Army_of_Raymond_of_Saint-Gilles
Bibliographic database
home to the Bulletin of International Medieval Research, edited by Alan V. Murray. In 2020, it was announced that the Bulletin and Leeds Studies in English
International Medieval Bibliography
International_Medieval_Bibliography
American actor
Christopher Murray (born March 19, 1957) is an American actor. He is the son of actors Don Murray and Hope Lange, as well as the stepson of film director Alan J
Christopher_Murray_(actor)
French leader of the People's Crusade (1050–1115/31)
173–179. Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof. Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry & Dr. Nicholas Morton. "A Database of Crusaders to the
Peter_the_Hermit
Chronicler and participant in the First Crusade
Apocalypse of Daniel. Susan B. Edgington (2006), "Raymond of Aguilers", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, vol. IV, p. 1009. John
Raymond_of_Aguilers
Island in the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt
September 2021. Pringle, Denys (2006). "Aila and Ile de Graye". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO
Pharaoh's_Island
French nobleman (1065–1102)
University of Wisconsin Press. p. 349. ISBN 0-299-04834-9. Crusade of 1101, Alan V. Murray, The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, (ABC-CLIO
Stephen_of_Burgundy
Count of Rethel
must have been confused with the wife of Manasses II. The historian Alan V. Murray remarks that Mathieu's suggestion 'would fit the chronology of the Roucy
Manasses_III,_Count_of_Rethel
Norman-led army under Robert Curthose during the First Crusade
University Press, London, 1922 J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Jonathan Phillips, Alan V. Murray, Guy Perry, Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land
Army of Robert Curthose on the First Crusade
Army_of_Robert_Curthose_on_the_First_Crusade
King of Sweden (1319–1364) and Norway (1319–1355)
Kalika, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Farnham, UK: Ashgate
Magnus_Eriksson
Military campaign in 1147
"The Second Crusade" (PDF). GUPSA Education Department. 2024. pp. 5–6. Alan V. Murray (2006). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1267–1268
Wendish_Crusade
Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 3, p. 934. Dickson, Gary (2006). "Passagium Particulare". In Alan V.
Passagium
Duke of Bavaria (1206–1253)
volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4408-4856-8. Alan V. Murray (1986), "Reinbot von Durne's Der heilige Georg as Crusading Literature"
Otto_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria
Part of the Fifth Crusade and the Reconquista (1217)
Translation. Routledge. Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 3: K–P. ABC-CLIO. pp. 979–984
Siege_of_Alcácer_do_Sal
Military expedition by lower classes
1309", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 1, pp. 311–13. Norman Housley, "Pope Clement V and the Crusades
Crusade_of_the_Poor
London, 1922 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Army of Robert II of Flanders on the First Crusade
Army_of_Robert_II_of_Flanders_on_the_First_Crusade
Secondary comprehensive school in Galashiels, Scotland
Davidson, campaigner for those affected by Tourette syndrome Alan V. Murray, historian John Murray, cricketer, engineer and Royal Navy officer David Nichol
Galashiels_Academy
Italian noble family
Frontier of Latin Christendom Lock, Peter (2006). "Acciaiuoli family". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO
Acciaioli_family
royaume latin de Jérusalem," Mélanges Paul Frédéricq (Brussels, 1904). Alan V. Murray, "The Origins of the Frankish Nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,
Fulk_of_Guînes
French noble (c. 1041–1105)
Different World in the Perception of Crusaders (c. 1104-c. 1208)". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies
Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse
of the Institute (being succeeded as editor of the Bibliography by Alan V. Murray and Marian R. Lefferts). He oversaw much of the digitisation of the
Simon_Forde_(medievalist)
American atheist activist (1919–1995)
prayer in schools in Engel v. Vitale (1962) on similar grounds. After she founded the American Atheists and won Murray v. Curlett, she achieved attention
Madalyn_Murray_O'Hair
London, 1951 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Baldwin_Chauderon
8–12th century West Slavic tribes
local theocracies. Jensen, Carsten Selch (2006). "Abodrites" (PDF). In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO
Obotrites
Tyre. Oxford University Press. Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Ernoul". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 2
Ernoul
Tyre. Oxford University Press. Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Eracles". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 2
Estoire_d'Eracles
Italo-Norman forces of the First Crusade led by Bohemond of Taranto
London, 1922 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Armies_of_Bohemond_of_Taranto
Crusade in Iberia (1197)
Naumann 1994, p. 144. Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 3: K–P. ABC-CLIO. pp. 979–984
Raid_on_Silves_(1197)
Queen of Jerusalem from 1118 to 1127
union was celebrated before the crusade of 1101, probably in 1100. Alan V. Murray holds that the period between March 1101 and August 1102 is more likely
Morphia_of_Melitene
Part of the Fourth Crusade
Different World in the Perception of Crusaders (c. 1104-c. 1208)". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies
Siege_of_Zara
Head of the Catholic Church from 1227 to 1241
2014-07-24. Carsten Selch Jensen, "Stedinger Crusades (1233–1234)", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol
Pope_Gregory_IX
Holding in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Walter II rather than Walter III. This interpretation is embraced by Alan V. Murray. Andronikos Komnenos, who briefly held the lordship in 1167 From 1167
Lordship_of_Beirut
King of Jerusalem from 1100 to 1118
survive her, but historian Alan V. Murray emphasises that no primary source states that Baldwin fathered children. According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when
Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem
English footballer
Jade Alan Murray (born 23 September 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. After progressing through the club's academy
Jay_Murray
Queen of Jerusalem (r. 1212–1228)
notes that the couple frequently travelled together. The historian Alan V. Murray speculates that Frederick might have denied Isabella autonomy because
Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem
13th-century crusade
Historical Institute London Bulletin. 33 (1): 38–66. Murray, Alan V. (2006). "Crusade of 1267". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4
Crusade_of_1267
knights from Kulm and the Warmia; Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg. Alan V. Murray (2001). Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500. Routledge
Dietrich_von_Grüningen
Historical region near the Sea of Galilee
the presence sought by the castle of al-Al. Murray, Alan V. (2006). "Terre de Suète". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara:
Terre_de_Suète
King of Jerusalem from 1118 to 1131
Murray, Alan V. (2022a). "The Greek Inscriptions on the Coinage of Count Baldwin II of Edessa (1100–18)". Numismatic Chronicle. 182: 243–248. Murray,
Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem
Crusader ruler from 1131 to 1152
Bohemond on the occasion of Bohemond's marriage to Alice. The historian Alan V. Murray suggests that it is more plausible that any such plan originated with
Melisende_of_Jerusalem
Saxon-Danish siege of Obotrite fortress in 1147
(2017). "Episode 191 - The Baltic Crusades" (PDF). crusadespod.com. Alan V. Murray (2006). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 1267. ISBN 9798400634727
Siege_of_Dobin
Black 2020, Google preview. Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 3: K–P. ABC-CLIO. pp. 979–984
Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)
Almohad_campaign_against_Portugal_(1190–1191)
Name list
Prosopography, No. 13 (State College, PA: Editions Enlaplage), p. 8. Alan V. Murray (2000), The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099–1125
Gothelo
Rulers of Rethel
still claimed by her descendants, the Sovereign Princes of Monaco. Alan V. Murray, The crusader Kingdom of Jérusalem, A Dynastic History 1099-1125, Linacre
Counts_and_dukes_of_Rethel
Attack by the Kingdom of Jerusalem on Damascus
University Press. Phillips, Jonathan (2006). "Crusade of 1129". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 4 vols. ABC-CLIO. vol. 1
Crusade_of_1129
Crusade". Publications of the University of Manchester. 268: 195–204. Murray, Alan V. (1992). "Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade"
Christian forces of the First Crusade
Christian_forces_of_the_First_Crusade
London, 1997 Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Geoffrey_Burel_of_Amboise
1165 Portuguese conquest
Bragança, 1931, p. 57. Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 979–984. A history of portugal
Conquest_of_Évora
Calendar year
The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ed. by Alan V. Murray (ABC-CLIO, 2015) pp.218-219 Scott, Ronald McNair (1999). Robert the
1320
Google Books) Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Armies of Stephen of Blois on the First Crusade and the Crusade of 1101
Armies_of_Stephen_of_Blois_on_the_First_Crusade_and_the_Crusade_of_1101
Google Books) Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Army of William IX on the Crusade of 1101
Army_of_William_IX_on_the_Crusade_of_1101
Poem by William Dunbar
Vulson de la Colombière, La Science Heroique (Paris 1644). pp. 453–457. Alan V. Murray, Rosalind Brown-Grant, "The Emprise of the Wild Knight of the Black
Of_Ane_Blak-Moir
12th-century German poet
CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). (full text online). Alan V. Murray: "The Poet Friedrich von Hausen on the Third Crusade and the Performance
Friedrich_von_Hausen
First war between Russia and Sweden
Novgorod, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, ed., The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Farnham
Russo-Swedish_War_(1495–1497)
Catalan noble
Narbonne. Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the
Girard_I_of_Roussillon
Russian saint
Novgorod, the Fortress at Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, ed. The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Farnham
Vasily_Kalika
11th century French nobleman
Kingship, Identity and Name-giving in the Family of Baldwin of Bourcq, Alan V. Murray, Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the
Gervais,_Count_of_Rethel
Papal bull authorizing a crusade
ISBN 0313316597. Christopher T. Maier (2006), "Papal Letters", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, vol. 3, ABC-CLIO, pp. 931–932
Crusade_bull
Nottingham, pp. iv–viii. Susan B. Edgington (2006), "Raymond of Aguilers", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, vol. IV, p. 1009.
Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem
Historia_Francorum_qui_ceperunt_Iherusalem
ISBN 9780198219538. Siberry, Elizabeth (2006). "Criticism of Crusading". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 299–301
Criticism_of_crusading
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