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Higher temperatures due to movement through air
Aerodynamic heating is the heating of a solid body produced by its high-speed passage through air. In science and engineering, an understanding of aerodynamic
Aerodynamic_heating
Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space
atmospheric drag, which puts mechanical stress on the object, and aerodynamic heating — caused mostly by compression of the air in front of the object
Atmospheric_entry
Conventional definition of the edge of space
The faster aircraft fly, the more heat they would generate due to aerodynamic heating from friction with the atmosphere and adiabatic processes. Based
Kármán_line
Part of a space capsule
spaceflight. The shape is determined partly by aerodynamics; a capsule is aerodynamically stable falling blunt end first, which allows only the blunt end to
Reentry_capsule
Speed that exceeds five times the speed of sound (Mach 5 and above)
interaction - aerothermal: aerodynamic heating of the fuselage Entropy layer Real gas effects Low density effects Independence of aerodynamic coefficients with
Hypersonic_speed
Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC /ˈeɪtʃˌvæk/) systems regulate temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality in vehicles and buildings
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning
Jet engine where combustion takes place in supersonic airflow
Any craft moving at such velocities is subject to a great deal of aerodynamic heating, necessitating the use of specialized (and expensive) materials in
Scramjet
Relation in aerospace engineering
severe aerodynamic heating conditions encountered during atmospheric entry and for designing appropriate thermal protection measures. Aerodynamic heating Atmospheric
Fay-Riddell_equation
US Air Force hypersonic aircraft concept
but have separate airflow paths. At speeds of Mach 5 and above, aerodynamic heating generates temperatures sufficient to melt conventional metallic airframes
Lockheed_Martin_SR-72
British–French supersonic airliner
part of any supersonic aircraft's structure is the nose, owing to aerodynamic heating. Hiduminium R.R. 58, an aluminium alloy, was used throughout the
Concorde
Space Shuttle heat shielding system
Aerodynamic heating during reentry would push the temperature well above this level in areas, so an effective insulator was needed. Reentry heating differs
Space Shuttle thermal protection system
Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system
Orbital transfer maneuver
potentially, a smaller, less-expensive launch vehicle. Because of the aerodynamic heating encountered during the atmospheric pass, the spacecraft must be packaged
Aerocapture
With Aerodynamic Forces" (PDF). PIBAL Report No. 647: 5–7. Allen, H. Julian; Eggers, Jr., A.J. (1958). "A study of the motion and aerodynamic heating of
Planar_reentry_equations
Dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics
designs are often forced into blunt configurations because of the aerodynamic heating rising with a reduced radius of curvature. Re-entry speeds >25.0
Mach_number
Experimental rocket-powered aircraft
addition of 200 pressure ports for aerodynamic data, and 343 strain gauges to measure structural loads and aerodynamic heating along the wing and fuselage.
Bell_X-1
Aircraft that travels faster than the speed of sound
flight (i.e., flight at speeds slower than that of sound). In particular, aerodynamic drag rises sharply as the aircraft passes the transonic regime, requiring
Supersonic_aircraft
Method of launching an object into outer space via a large gun or cannon
also would cause most objects to burn up due to aerodynamic heating or be torn apart by aerodynamic drag. Therefore, a more likely future use of space
Space_gun
Paint designed to reflect some of the thermal radiation from a nuclear explosion
which was already heated to more than 90 °C (194 °F) at Mach 2 by aerodynamic heating. Aircraft with at least part of the fuselage painted anti-flash white
Anti-flash_white
Chemical compound
skin temperature can reach 1000-2000 °C, the resin pyrolizes due to aerodynamic heating. This reaction absorbs significant thermal energy, insulating the
Phenol_formaldehyde_resin
Flight faster than Mach 5 below 90 km
interacts with the boundary layer which causes an increase in aerodynamic body surface heating. Although the shock wave at the nose at supersonic speeds is
Hypersonic_flight
NASA research facility in Northern California
These are the Aerodynamic Heating Facility (AHF), the Turbulent Flow Duct (TFD), the Panel Test Facility (PTF), and the Interaction Heating Facility (IHF)
Ames_Research_Center
Foremost tip of aircraft, rockets, and missiles
outer surface built to withstand high temperatures generated by aerodynamic heating. Much of the fundamental research related to hypersonic flight was
Nose_cone
Branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air
eighteenth century, although observations of fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag were recorded much earlier. Most of the early efforts in aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
American aircraft designer (1925–1995)
black skin coatings which optimized dissipation of their tremendous aerodynamic heating as well as incorporating materials to reduce radar signature. The
Ben_Rich_(engineer)
500 Kg unguided aerial bomb
1962) – heat-resistant, capable of withstanding high-temperature aerodynamic heating, arising during flight at high speeds. Developed for the MiG-25RB
FAB-500
Jet fuel formulation for certain supersonic aircraft
was Mach 3.2 at which very high skin temperatures occurred due to aerodynamic heating. A new jet fuel with a high flash point and high thermal stability
JP-7
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
its blunt end forward for reentry. Atmospheric drag slows the CM. Aerodynamic heating surrounds it with an envelope of ionized air which causes a communications
Apollo_program
Variant of the U.S. Atlas missile
seconds the LOX tank pressure increased from aerodynamic heating or propellant slosh and at T+97 seconds aerodynamic loads from the excessive pitch rate caused
SM-65E_Atlas
Air-to-air missile
missile speed would cause its outer skin to become too hot (from aerodynamic heating). Looking for an improved weapon for the Operational Requirement
De_Havilland_Firestreak
American heavy strategic bomber
the sound barrier would produce an obvious sonic boom as well as aerodynamic heating of the aircraft skin which would also increase the infrared signature
Northrop_B-2_Spirit
Nose cone of a rocket used to protect spacecraft during launch
a spacecraft payload against the impact of dynamic pressure and aerodynamic heating during launch through an atmosphere. It is also a type of heat shield
Payload_fairing
Concept in celestial mechanics
2 km/s, or 40,320 km/h) would cause most objects to burn up due to aerodynamic heating or be torn apart by atmospheric drag. For an actual escape orbit
Escape_velocity
Planned United States spaceflight (1967)
protective cover enveloping the entire command module to protect it from aerodynamic heating during launch and from launch escape rocket exhaust in the event
Apollo_1
Component to protect against excessive heat
re-entry is aerodynamic heating, which can be highly destructive to the structure of an unprotected or faulty spacecraft. An aerodynamic heat shield consists
Heat_shield
provide high heat flux and temperatures for materials testing or aerodynamic heating simulation large fields of optics for astronomical observations or
National Solar Thermal Test Facility
National_Solar_Thermal_Test_Facility
Experimental research aircraft
the capabilities of the Bell X-1 and D-558 II, while investigating aerodynamic heating problems in what was then called the "thermal thicket". The Bell
Bell_X-2
Atmospheric explosion of a meteor
does not leave behind any typical impact structure in the crust. Aerodynamic heating causes meteors to become so-called fireballs or bolides, with the
Meteor_air_burst
Air-to-air missile
further upgraded the motor to the new Magpie III. To handle the aerodynamic heating issues, the fins were made of steel rather than aluminium, and featured
Red_Top_(missile)
Study of the motion of gases
to: choked flows in nozzles and valves, shock waves around jets, aerodynamic heating on atmospheric reentry vehicles and flows of gas fuel within a jet
Gas_kinetics
2015 space flight simulation video game
system. Flight through an atmosphere at excessive speeds results in aerodynamic heating; high enough temperatures will cause components to fail or explode
Kerbal_Space_Program
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
of the reentry is basically the maximum speed of the flight. The aerodynamic heating caused will vary accordingly: it is much less for a flight with a
Sub-orbital_spaceflight
Reconnaissance aircraft design
000 m) as it burned off fuel. To endure the intense heat generated by aerodynamic heating at these speeds, the leading edges of the nose and wings were built
Convair_Kingfish
Experimental American space project
intended to represent Dyna-Soar's forward nose section, where the aerodynamic heating would be the most intense; in excess of an estimated 2200 °C (4000 °F)
ASSET_(spacecraft)
Ancient stone-throwing artillery weapon
"Architronito", citing Archimedes. Aristotle first observed the phenomenon of aerodynamic heating in the slight melting of the face of lead bullets thrown from ancient
Lithobolos
Space mission of USSR
former still attached; the conjoined modules gyrated violently until aerodynamic heating burned through the straps still holding them together. Titov ejected
Vostok_2
Experimental aircraft to test sustained supersonic flight
cockpit and windscreen were designed to alleviate the effects of Aerodynamic heating. The low aspect ratio unswept wings were designed for high speed
Douglas_X-3_Stiletto
Type of impulse facility
typically used to produce high enthalpy flows for high speed aerodynamic flow and aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry testing. It is used to engender
Expansion_tube
First rockets
; Eggers, A.J. Jr. (January 1, 1958). A study of the motion and aerodynamic heating of ballistic missiles entering the earth's atmosphere at high supersonic
History_of_rockets
Application of mechanical dynamics to model the flight of space vehicles
vehicle are achieved by shedding the excess kinetic energy through aerodynamic heating from drag, which requires some means of heat shielding, and/or retrograde
Spacecraft_flight_dynamics
Suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
volume as that of the irregular particle. Also commonly used is the aerodynamic diameter, da. People generate aerosols for various purposes, including:
Aerosol
Type of aviation fuel
It had a high flash point required to prevent boiloff caused by aerodynamic heating. Its thermal stability was high enough to prevent coke and varnish
Jet_fuel
American fighter proposal
strengthened windshield from the F-104S was to be used to withstand the aerodynamic heating of flight at higher Mach numbers. A two-seat trainer version was
Lockheed_CL-1200_Lancer
British reconnaissance strike aircraft prototype
drawback of carrying WE.177 on external pylons was a limitation due to aerodynamic heating of the bomb's casing. WE.177A was limited to a maximum carriage time
BAC_TSR-2
Type of jet engine
and have a maximum useful speed of approximately Mach 17. Due to aerodynamic heating at these high speeds, cooling poses a challenge to engineers. Since
Airbreathing_jet_engine
Concept of a nuclear missile
stabilizer. The wing and controls had a wedge-shaped profile. Due to aerodynamic heating, the nose of the aircraft and the leading edges of the lifting and
Tupolev_Tu-130
Anti-ballistic missile system
over 100 g, reaching Mach 10 in a few seconds. At these speeds, aerodynamic heating caused the airframe's outer layer to become hotter than an oxy-acetylene
Nike-X
Concept of hybrid atmospheric jet engine
reduced gravity losses come at the price of much higher aerodynamic drag and aerodynamic heating due to the need to stay much deeper within the atmosphere
Liquid_air_cycle_engine
Chinese modular space station (since 2021)
a heat shield which prevents the vehicle's destruction caused by aerodynamic heating upon contact with the Earth's atmosphere. The station itself has
Tiangong_space_station
First Space Shuttle mission, first orbital flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia
severe aerodynamic heating after which it was gradually reduced. At about 100,000 m (330,000 ft) altitude a light pink air glow caused by entry heating became
STS-1
Soviet supersonic heavy bomber
and several crashes. Amongst its many faults was a tendency for aerodynamic heating of the aircraft skin at supersonic speed, distorting the control
Tupolev_Tu-22
velocity, although the evidence remains subject to debate, due to aerodynamic heating likely disintegrating it before it could exit the atmosphere. In
Effects_of_nuclear_explosions
Proposed Space Shuttle upper stage
including the rocket exhaust, the relatively warm liquid oxygen, aerodynamic heating, and the radiant heat of the Sun, was required. Fuel could be lost
Shuttle-Centaur
Japanese prototype of 1996 for testing atmospheric reentry
attached to each parts, and succeeded in gaining data on surface aerodynamic heating and pressure. The craft splashed down in the waters northeast of
HYFLEX
First operational version of the U.S. Atlas missile
63D on September 7 suffered a ruptured vernier hydraulic line from aerodynamic heating at T+110 seconds. The sustainer and verniers shut down just prior
SM-65D_Atlas
period of high enthalpy test conditions for testing of aerodynamic flow, aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry, combustion, chemical kinetics,
Impulse_facility
1967 flight operated by the US Air Force and NASA
designed to char and slowly break off as the aircraft experienced aerodynamic heating, carrying away heat in the process. The thermal coating was pink
X-15_Flight_188
Series of Soviet spy satellites, 1961-2004
were fitted with devices to compensate for aerodynamic drag and to withstand the effects of aerodynamic heating. A total of 80 Zenit-4MK satellites were
Zenit_(satellite)
American aerospace engineer (1919–2018)
with thermal de-icing systems and wind tunnel tests of supersonic aerodynamic heating, internal and external aerodynamics. He was also a member of NACA
Richard_C._Scherrer
First full-scale prototype of the Atlas missile
being called off when the V-2 vernier exploded at ignition. Because aerodynamic heating was believed to have caused the electrical malfunctions on 13A and
SM-65A_Atlas
Solid debris from outer space that hits a planetary surface
Murnpeowie meteorite, an iron meteorite with regmaglypts (thumprint-like depressions), from ablation caused by aerodynamic heating during fall
Meteorite
Suspension of objects using gas pressure
glasses of the type Ba–Al–O and Ba–Al–Ti–O produced by aerodynamic levitation and laser heating", Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 18 (32): L407–L414
Aerodynamic_levitation
Device that collects heat
water heating, but may also refer to large power generating installations such as solar parabolic troughs and solar towers, or to non-water-heating devices
Solar_thermal_collector
Italian scientist (1912–1975)
conducted important studies in the fields of supersonic combustion and aerodynamic heating of high-speed aircraft. In all these areas, he made key contributions
Antonio_Ferri
Series of reconnaissance satellites for the United States
retrorockets on the Atlas equipment pods. This would have caused aerodynamic heating of the pitch gyro, and the failure was extremely similar to an incident
Samos_(satellite)
significant, and at high velocities, the principal contribution to aerodynamic heating. The results of this research were used in calculations for the thermal
Leonid_Biberman
University Rocketry Organization
loss of external paint and erosion along fin leading edges due to aerodynamic heating. The recovery system deployed successfully, enabling intact retrieval
USC Rocket Propulsion Laboratory
USC_Rocket_Propulsion_Laboratory
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
coefficient of performance or COP) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work)
Thermal_efficiency
Satellite early warning system
had broken off during launch, exposing the gyroscope package to aerodynamic heating. A transistor used in the roll output channel was also suspected
Missile_Defense_Alarm_System
Part of the wing that contacts the air first
first is an aerodynamic definition, the second a structural one. As an example of the distinction, during a tailslide, from an aerodynamic point of view
Leading_edge
Flight into or through outer space
Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based
Spaceflight
Aerocapture Aerodynamic center Aerodynamic diameter Aerodynamic drag Aerodynamic force Aerodynamic heating Aerodynamic levitation Aerodynamic potential
Index_of_physics_articles_(A)
Subsidiary manufacturer of HVAC systems
Trane is a manufacturer of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, along with building management systems and controls. The company
Trane
British aerospace engineer
Revolutionary War, and the Napoleonic Wars. Dommett initially specialised in aerodynamic heating and supersonic flows. He worked on the re-entry vehicle design for
Roy_Dommett
Theodore von Kármán. Kármán, Th. von; Burgers, J. M. (1924). General Aerodynamic Theory, 2 vols. Julius Springer. Kármán, Th. von; Biot, M. A. (1940)
Theodore von Kármán bibliography
Theodore_von_Kármán_bibliography
Former rocket launch site in Florida, USA
24 January 1961 21:55 SM-65 Atlas Atlas E Suborbital test Failure Aerodynamic heating resulted in vernier failure, causing unstable flight trajectory.
Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 13
Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_13
the ground at high airspeed, the effect is worse because of the aerodynamic heating of the aircraft's surface. Thermal stress is also caused by cold
Environmental causes of aviation stress
Environmental_causes_of_aviation_stress
Professor of Biomedical Engineering
Chen, S., and Gad-el-Hak, M. (2018) "Newly Identified Principle for Aerodynamic Heating in Hypersonic Flows," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 855, pp. 152–180
Mohamed_Gad-el-Hak
chamber engine flight. Heating data obtained. X-1B #16 January 3, 1957 John McKay 48-1385 NACA 6 1.94 ? Last aerodynamic heating data flight. X-1B #17
List_of_X-1B_flights
Type of Motorboat which has a cabin for the captain and passengers
newer cabin cruisers are faster than older models because of improved aerodynamic and hydrodynamic designs. Cabin cruisers are generally able to handle
Cabin_cruiser
Month of 1953
believed that such a vehicle could not only resolve some of the aerodynamic heating problems, but also that the altitude objective would provide an environment
July_1953
British air-to-air missile design
supersonic speeds and the airframe was not able to handle the resulting aerodynamic heating. For this new role, Vickers proposed what engineer Ralph Hooper described
Red_Dean
Experimental ballistic missile
vehicle would enter a roll during its glide period to distribute aerodynamic heating. Guidance was provided by a Honeywell inertial guidance unit. Following
Alpha_Draco
American aeronautical engineer (1924–2009)
During her university career (1947–1949) Van der Wal worked on an aerodynamic heating project that evaluated wind tunnel operation, model design and construction
Laurel_van_der_Wal
Formation of water ice on aircraft surfaces
it disrupts an airfoil's boundary layer airflow causing a premature aerodynamic stall and, in some cases, dramatically increased drag making takeoff
Icing_(aeronautics)
Spaceflight maneuver
exerted on the Mars Observer during aerobraking is comparable to the aerodynamic resistance of moving at 0.6 m/s (2.16 km/h) at sea level on Earth, approximately
Aerobraking
Meteorite found in the United States
archival service (link) Maringer, R.E.; Manning, G.K. (February 1960). "Aerodynamic heating of the Grant meteorite". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 18 (3):
Grant_meteorite
Device which reduces drag on missiles
a device (see nose cone design) used to reduce the forebody pressure aerodynamic drag of blunt bodies at supersonic speeds. The aerospike creates a detached
Drag-reducing_aerospike
Flight without the use of thrust
dust-like. Parachuting is essentially falling or drifting but with an aerodynamic braking surface. The high ratio of surface area to weight reduces the
Unpowered_flight
Machine used to produce air flow
propeller or rotor is surrounded by an aerodynamic duct or shroud which enhances its performance to create aerodynamic thrust or lift to transport the vehicle
Fan_(machine)
System to cool the air in a vehicle
Abiola, Olusola Oloruntoba, Oluwasanmi Alonge, Ojotu Joseph, Oluranti. "Aerodynamic Study of Minibus in Open and Closed Window Scenarios". ESP Journal of
Automotive_air_conditioning
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