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Proposal of a second inner transition series in the periodic table
In nuclear chemistry, the actinide concept (also known as the actinide hypothesis) proposed that the actinides form a second inner transition series homologous
Actinide_concept
Chemical elements with atomic numbers from 104 to 120
series. Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series. He also proposed a transactinide series
Superheavy_element
F-block chemical elements
Actinides in the periodic table The actinide (/ˈæktɪnaɪd/) or actinoid (/ˈæktɪnɔɪd/) series encompasses at least the 14 metallic chemical elements in the
Actinide
American chemist (1912–1999)
in this area also led to his development of the actinide concept and the arrangement of the actinide series in the periodic table of the elements. Seaborg
Glenn_T._Seaborg
Development of the table of chemical elements
Mendeleev's table: the actinide series. Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure proposed that the actinides form an inner transition
History_of_the_periodic_table
Elements predicted but not found in 1869
acceptance of Glenn T. Seaborg's actinide concept in 1945, thorium, uranium and protactinium have been classified as actinides; hence, protactinium does not
Mendeleev's predicted elements
Mendeleev's_predicted_elements
Any element in row 7 of the periodic table
winner Glenn T. Seaborg, who first proposed the actinide concept which led to the acceptance of the actinide series, also proposed the existence of a transactinide
Period_7_element
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
313–321 Scerri, pp. 322–340 Seaborg, Glenn T. (1997). "Source of the Actinide Concept" (PDF). fas.org. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from
Periodic_table
Chemical element with atomic number 93 (Np)
chemical element; it has symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. It is named after Neptune
Neptunium
Chemical element with atomic number 103 (Lr)
Glenn T. Seaborg, who devised the actinide concept, predicted that element 103 (lawrencium) should be the last actinide and that the Lr3+ ion should be
Lawrencium
Chemical element with atomic number 91 (Pa)
symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, radioactive, silvery-gray actinide metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor, and inorganic acids
Protactinium
Chemical element with atomic number 90 (Th)
malleable, and has a high melting point. Thorium is an electropositive actinide whose chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state; it is quite reactive
Thorium
American physicist
of the transuranium elements, and developed the actinide concept and the arrangement of the actinide series in the periodic table of the elements. ""The
Edward_J._Lofgren
Process of manufacturing and using nuclear fuel
staying subcritical. The actinides will be mixed with a metal which will not form more actinides; for instance, an alloy of actinides in a solid such as zirconia
Nuclear_fuel_cycle
Nuclear fuel cycle
abundance, superior physical and nuclear properties, reduced plutonium and actinide production, and better resistance to nuclear weapons proliferation when
Thorium_fuel_cycle
Chemical element with atomic number 102 (No)
element, the second transfermium, and is the fourteenth member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only
Nobelium
German nuclear reactor design proposal with liquid metal cooling loops
Generation IV reactor concepts. The fuel can be a molten solution of actinide chloride salts, or it can be pure liquid actinide metal. Cooling is provided
Dual_fluid_reactor
Spent fuel reprocessing process for plutonium and uranium recovery
fuel, which consists primarily of very high atomic-weight (actinoid or "actinide") elements (e.g. uranium, plutonium, americium) along with smaller amounts
PUREX
Tendency of a chemical compound to ignite in open air
Examples are organolithium compounds and triethylborane, as well as actinides. Pyrophoric materials are often water-reactive as well and will ignite
Pyrophoricity
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
not large power reactors. Molten salt fuels are eutectic mixtures of actinide salts (e.g. thorium/uranium fluoride/chloride) with other salts, used in
Nuclear_fuel
Nuclear reactor generating more fissile material than it consumes
as they can reduce actinide wastes, particularly plutonium and minor actinides. Breeder reactors are designed to fission the actinide wastes as fuel and
Breeder_reactor
Nuclear reactor design
include nonfissile isotopes of plutonium and minor actinide isotopes. Assuming no leakage of actinides to the waste stream during reprocessing, a 1 GWe
Integral_fast_reactor
Chemical separation of spent nuclear fuel
Nuclear reprocessing is the chemical separation of fission products and actinides from spent nuclear fuel. Originally, reprocessing was used solely to extract
Nuclear_reprocessing
doi:10.11578/frib/2572219. Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap
Isotopes_of_radium
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten sodium
minor actinides means that actinide-bearing fuel requires special handling and fabrication procedures. The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) was a concept for
Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor
Unusable radioactive materials
into uranium-based and mixed-oxide (MOX) fuels. The residual 4% is minor actinides and fission products, the latter of which are a mixture of stable and
Radioactive_waste
Semiconductor light source
2015. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides. Elsevier Science. August 1, 2016. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-444-63705-5. "Corn
Light-emitting_diode
New nuclear reactor technologies under development
quality process heat. Fast reactors offer the possibility of burning actinides to further reduce waste and can breed more fuel than they consume. These
Generation_IV_reactor
Device that achieves nuclear fission without triggering a chain reaction
neutron source contains the fuel rods, the fuel being any fissile or fertile actinide mix, but preferable already with a certain amount of fissile material to
Subcritical_reactor
profiles allows researchers to model the mixing behavior. Actinium series Actinide Bismuth-209 decays into thallium-205 with a half-life exceeding 1019 years
Isotopes_of_actinium
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
it has symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons
Uranium
fuel. The modernized IFR design, known as the S-PRISM concept and the Stable salt reactor concept, are two such fast reactors that are proposed to burn-up/eliminate
Reactor-grade_plutonium
Different forms of the table of elements
of reasonable positions for hydrogen, the lanthanide elements, and the actinide elements". Some other notable short periodic tables include: 1862 — Meyer's
Types_of_periodic_tables
Term used for certain metallic elements
in discussing the history of nuclear chemistry, Magee noted that the actinides were once thought to represent a new heavy-element transition group, whereas
Heavy_metals
the parameters to allow such calculations to be done for many of the actinides. Bond valence calculations use parameters which are estimated after examining
Bond_valence_method
Prediction in nuclear physics
sum of neutrons. Radioactive ion beams (such as 44S) in combination with actinide targets (such as 248Cm) may allow the production of more neutron rich nuclei
Island_of_stability
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
initially termed, "nuclear twilight", began to be considered as a scientific concept in the 1980s after it became clear that an earlier hypothesis predicting
Nuclear_winter
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
mass is a sphere. Bare-sphere critical masses at normal density of some actinides are listed in the following table. Most information on bare sphere masses
Critical_mass
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
critical atomic number are called supercritical atoms. Elements beyond the actinides were first proposed to exist as early as 1895, when Danish chemist Hans
Extended_periodic_table
Type of nuclear fission reactor
chemical separation process is used in P&T to extract plutonium and minor actinides. A specially designed reactor is then used to perform the transmutation
Small_modular_reactor
Very small nuclear reactor of 1-20 MW capacity
proposed by Ross Gunn of United States Naval Research Laboratory in 1939. The concept was adapted by Admiral Hyman Rickover to start the American nuclear submarine
Nuclear_microreactor
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
nuclear fission, is most energetic for very heavy nuclei, especially the actinides. Fusion power seeks to use fusion for energy development; tokamaks and
Nuclear_fusion
Element whose atomic number is greater than 92
spectrometers. Bose–Einstein condensate (also known as superatom) Minor actinide Deep geological repository, a place to deposit transuranic waste Pluto
Transuranium_element
Hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to different atoms were fully ionic
лантаноидных элементов в расплавленных солях / Lower oxidation states of actinide and lanthanide elements in molten salts". Радиохимия / Soviet Radiochemistry
Oxidation_state
Nuclear energy extracted from thorium isotopes
uranium fuel cycle. This is because the thorium cycle produces fewer minor actinides (eg. neptunium, americium, californium) and plutonium than cycles using
Thorium-based_nuclear_power
Property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms
which all revert to the same P4 form when melted to the liquid state. The concept of allotropy was originally proposed in 1840 by the Swedish scientist Baron
Allotropy
Proposed uses of generating power from nuclear fission and fusion
contain significantly reduced concentrations of long-lived, weapons-usable actinides per gigawatt-year of electric energy produced compared to the waste from
Nuclear_fusion–fission_hybrid
Nucleosynthesis pathway
heavier than bismuth, including natural thorium and uranium (and other actinides) must ultimately originate in an r-process nucleus. The r-process entails
R-process
Larned B. Asprey (1919–2005): American chemist noted for his work on actinide, lanthanide, rare earth, and fluorine chemistry, and for his contributions
List of atheists in science and technology
List_of_atheists_in_science_and_technology
Nuclear operations in supplying fuel to French nuclear reactors
Orano also conducts reprocessing, which separates fission products and actinides from spent nuclear fuel. After three years of irradiation, spent nuclear
Nuclear_fuel_cycle_in_France
Chemical element with atomic number 117 (Ts)
would complete a set of experiments done at the JINR on the fusion of actinide targets with a calcium-48 beam, which had thus far produced the new elements
Tennessine
National laboratory site in Nilore, Islamabad
innovative technique, "in-stu leaching", which allowed the extraction of actinides from the uranium ore without the need for conventional milling. The computer
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
Pakistan_Institute_of_Nuclear_Science_&_Technology
Smallest unit of a chemical element
27 March 2015. Keller, C. (1973). "Natural occurrence of lanthanides, actinides, and superheavy elements". Chemiker Zeitung. 97 (10): 522–530. OSTI 4353086
Atom
Principal energy levels in atomic physics
(Elements 57 to 71 belong to the lanthanides, while 89 to 103 are the actinides.) The list below is primarily consistent with the Aufbau principle. However
Electron_shell
Chemical herbicide and defoliant
concentrations it would defoliate the soybeans. From these studies arose the concept of using aerial applications of herbicides to destroy enemy crops to disrupt
Agent_Orange
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
hundred degrees Celsius. Most of the non-volatile fission products and actinides have only moved centimeters in the veins during the last 2 billion years
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Borehole for nuclear waste disposal
Labs' Performance Assessment of Deep Boreholes Sizer/MIT Thesis - Minor Actinide Waste Disposal in Deep Geological Boreholes 2010 NEI Deep Borehole Article
Deep_borehole_disposal
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
Electron_configuration
Russian chemist (1834–1907)
after Mendeleev. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles
Dmitri_Mendeleev
Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
"electronegativity" was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811, though the concept was known before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro
Electronegativity
Unused deep geological repository facility in Nevada, US
neutron spectrum that can actually allow you to burn down the long-lived actinide waste. These are fast-neutron reactors. There's others: a resurgence of
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository
Type of nuclear reactor design
gain from actinides and fission products (オメガ計画)) is being studied as one of methodology of accelerator-driven system (ADS) in Japan. The concept has several
Accelerator-driven subcritical reactor
Accelerator-driven_subcritical_reactor
Electrical generator that uses heat from radioactive decay
February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Irish Lights- Rathlin O'Birne "The Actinide Research Quarterly: winter 94-95". www.lanl.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2023
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
symbols are also in informal use, "Ln" for any lanthanide and "An" for any actinide.[citation needed] "Rg" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but
Chemical_element
Austrian-Swedish nuclear physicist (1878–1968)
of which they regarded as transuranic. At that time, the existence of actinides was not yet established, and uranium was wrongly believed to be a group
Lise_Meitner
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 126 (Ubh)
detector, and producing larger quantities of increasingly rare and unstable actinide targets is impractical. Consequently, future experiments must be done at
Unbihexium
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 121 (Ubu)
Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
Unbiunium
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 119 (Uue)
continued to element 119, because it would require a target of the next actinide einsteinium. Tens of milligrams of einsteinium would be needed for a reasonable
Ununennium
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten material
can reduce environmental impacts; chemical separation turns long-lived actinides into reactor fuel, and discharged wastes are mostly fission products with
Molten-salt_reactor
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 120 (Ubn)
the first successful reaction producing a superheavy element using an actinide target and a projectile heavier than 48Ca. The team at the Heavy Ion Research
Unbinilium
Class of chemical substance
the actinide cations into these pores and subsequent installation of additional or capping linkers. The central concept is that once the actinides are
Metal–organic_framework
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
first applied to the actinides for separating plutonium-239 and neptunium from uranium, thorium, actinium, and the other actinides in the materials produced
Rare-earth_element
International marine environmental convention
vessels and ballast and tank cleaning waste (ODME). It also introduces the concept of "special sea areas (PPSE)", which are considered to be at risk to pollution
MARPOL_73/78
Energy collected from renewable resources
light water reactors, which extract less than 1% of the energy in the actinide metal (uranium or thorium) mined from the earth. The high fuel-efficiency
Renewable_energy
Type of material
High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes". Advanced Engineering Materials. 6 (5): 299–303. doi:10.1002/adem
Metal
Power generated from nuclear reactions
a pure fast reactor fuel cycle with a burn up of all the uranium and actinides (which presently make up the most hazardous substances in nuclear waste)
Nuclear_power
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor and could burn the long-lived actinide isotopes. A heavy-water SCWR could breed fuel from thorium (4x more abundant
Supercritical_water_reactor
Group of chemical elements
of copper refining. Polonium is most available in naturally occurring actinide-containing materials. Livermorium has been synthesized in particle accelerators
Chalcogen
Production of the elements in a supernova explosion
abundance peak near atomic weight A = 130 but no actinides, whereas large fluence produces the actinides uranium and thorium but no longer contains the
Supernova_nucleosynthesis
US Department of Energy reservation in Nevada
77496°N 116.11703°W / 36.77496; -116.11703 (JASPER) Houses the Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research, a two-stage light-gas gun for shock
Nevada_Test_Site
negatives Larned B. Asprey (1919–2005), American nuclear chemist known for actinide, lanthanide, rare-earth and fluorine chemistry Alán Aspuru-Guzik (born
List_of_chemists
Radioactive isotope of Americium
lanthanides, strontium, caesium, barium, yttrium – rather than with lighter actinides. Americium is therefore not recycled into new nuclear fuel unless special
Americium-241
Poisoning caused by lead in the body
Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR (November 2007). "New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 225
Lead_poisoning
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
even-numbered actinides (e.g. 240 Pu, 242 Pu) split nearly as easily as odd-numbered actinides in fast reactors. After they split, the actinides become a pair
Fast-neutron_reactor
Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
mammals and sonar Noise barrier Noise control Soundproofing Radiation Actinides Bioremediation Depleted uranium Nuclear fission Nuclear fallout Plutonium
Particulate_matter
Chemical compound
Processing Method Is Questioned". The New York Times. "MOL studies ammonia FSRU concept". Offshore Energy. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. Collins
Ammonia
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
natural uranium or thorium, as well as transmutating and fissioning minor actinides. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the molten metal, the residual
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
dangerous goods transport classification signs for radioactive materials Actinides in the environment Background radiation Chernobyl disaster Crimes involving
Radioactive_decay
Chemical element with atomic number 115 (Mc)
nucleus de-excites to the ground state – in a hot fusion reaction between an actinide target and a projectile with atomic number greater than or equal to 20
Moscovium
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
decayed by the time that the fission products are separated from the major actinides in conventional nuclear reprocessing. The liquid left after plutonium–uranium
Technetium
Distribution of advertising by direct mail or letterbox drop
mammals and sonar Noise barrier Noise control Soundproofing Radiation Actinides Bioremediation Depleted uranium Nuclear fission Nuclear fallout Plutonium
Advertising_mail
Unwanted material discarded by humans
scheme of categorization reduced some of these terms to more specific concepts: Garbage, the technical term for putrescent organic matter such as kitchen
Garbage
Presence of dangerous substances in the air
"Emissions of Air Pollutants and Emission Control Technologies", Air Pollution: Concepts, Theory, and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 8–9
Air_pollution
Chemical element with atomic number 118 (Og)
Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
Oganesson
Chemical element with atomic number 116 (Lv)
production of new isotopes of elements 112 to 118 in the reactions of 48Ca with actinide targets and the discovery of the 5 heaviest elements on the periodic table:
Livermorium
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 122 (Ubb)
detector, and producing larger quantities of increasingly rare and unstable actinide targets is impractical. Consequently, future experiments must be done at
Unbibium
Engine in which fuel combusts with an oxidizer
place; the owner returned it, alleging poor performance. In 1906, the concept was incorporated in a car built by EHV (Eisenhuth Horseless Vehicle Company);
Internal_combustion_engine
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
repopulate the exposed areas of the body with the shielded supply. This concept allows for the development of lightweight mobile radiation protection equipment
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Chemical element with atomic number 58 (Ce)
lanthanides lanthanum to its left and praseodymium to its right, and above the actinide thorium. It is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of silver
Cerium
Chemical element with atomic number 113 (Nh)
their renewed attention to the older hot fusion technique, in which heavy actinide targets were bombarded with lighter ions. Calcium-48 was suggested as an
Nihonium
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