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Skeptical period of ancient Academy
Academic skepticism was the philosophy of the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around
Academic_skepticism
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
Academic skeptics and the Pyrrhonian skeptics in ancient Greek philosophy. Pyrrhonian skepticism is a practice of suspending judgment, and skepticism
Philosophical_skepticism
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
blind faith and credulity. Various types of skepticism have been discussed in the academic literature. Skepticism is usually restricted to knowledge claims
Skepticism
Period of Western philosophy
advocate of skepticism dating from around 266 BC, Arcesilaus became its head until the mid-1st century BC. While early Academic skepticism was influenced
Hellenistic_philosophy
Type of skepticism relating to religion
Religious skepticism is a type of skepticism relating to religion. Religious skeptics question religious authority and are not necessarily antireligious/clerical
Religious_skepticism
Philosophical origins and foundation of Western civilization
and adopted skepticism as a central tenet of Platonism, making Platonism nearly the same as Pyrrhonism. After Arcesilaus, Academic skepticism diverged from
Ancient_Greek_philosophy
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also Absurdism – Academic skepticism – Accelerationism - Achintya Bheda Abheda – Action, philosophy of
List_of_philosophies
Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or wrong
"Moral Skepticism," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.). (link) Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2006b). Moral Skepticisms, Oxford
Moral_nihilism
Theory that life has no inherent meaning
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Existential_nihilism
Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism
Pyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgment over the truth of all beliefs
Pyrrhonism
195/194 BC). Geographer and mathematician. Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth. Hipparchus of
Timeline of Western philosophers
Timeline_of_Western_philosophers
Philosophical study of knowledge
perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony. The school of skepticism questions the human ability to attain knowledge, while fallibilism says
Epistemology
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
List of ancient Greek philosophers
List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers
Term in Martin Heidegger's philosophy
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Dasein
Metaphysical thesis
Imprint Academic pp. 3–31. Strawson, Galen (2006). Consciousness and Its Place in Nature: Does Physicalism Entail Panpsychism?. Imprint Academic. pp. 4
Physicalism
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is certain to exist
are varying degrees of solipsism that parallel the varying degrees of skepticism: Metaphysical solipsism is a variety of solipsism based on a philosophy
Solipsism
Basic distinction in philosophy
is often seen as a peripheral to other philosophical concepts, namely skepticism, individuals and individuality, and existentialism. The questions surrounding
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Capacity of an actor to act in a given environment
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Agency_(philosophy)
Central category of dialectics
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Unity_of_opposites
Aspect of the English philosopher's teachings
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Hobbes's moral and political philosophy
Hobbes's_moral_and_political_philosophy
Genre of literary prose
can help us with public policy and personal choices. Peter Kreeft This academic philosopher has published a series of Socratic dialogues in which Socrates
Socratic_dialogue
Philosophical concept
independent of the mind, as opposed to non-realist views (like some forms of skepticism and solipsism) which question the certainty of anything beyond one's own
Philosophical_realism
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
characterized by deep skepticism toward established norms and values alongside indifference, despair, and a lack of purpose. Outside the academic discourse, the
Nihilism
Ancient philosophy
the practical application of Stoic philosophy in everyday life through academic research, public conferences, and educational initiatives. One notable
Stoicism
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Lists_of_philosophers
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
perception and opened the path toward epistemological relativism and skepticism. The Sophists developed dialectic as the art of rhetorical argumentation
Dialectic
Text on Greek philosophy by Cicero (45 BC)
Academica (also On Academic Skepticism, Academici Libri or Academic Books) is work in a fragmentary state written by the Academic Skeptic philosopher
Academica_(Cicero)
Philosophical and literary concepts
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Apollonian_and_Dionysian
Knowledge derived from familiarity
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Fumerton, Richard, Metaepistemology and Skepticism, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (1995) . Hasan, Ali and Fumerton
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Russian philosophical and cultural movement
Thomas Seifrid, A Companion To Andrei Platonov's The Foundation Pit (Academic Studies Press, 2009: ISBN 1-934843-57-1), pp. 69-70. Skumin, V. A. (1995)
Russian_cosmism
Study of fundamental reality
access the ultimate nature of reality. This line of thought leads to skepticism about the possibility of metaphysical knowledge. Empiricists often follow
Metaphysics
Philosophical system
adopted academic skepticism, which became a central tenet of the school until 90 BC when Antiochus added Stoic elements, rejected skepticism, and began
Platonism
Theory that life is meaningless
p. 21. Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019). "Moral Skepticism: 2. A Presumption Against Moral Skepticism?". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Absurdism
Study of general and fundamental questions
emergence of philosophical movements, for example, Epicureanism, Stoicism, Skepticism, and Neoplatonism. The medieval period started in the 5th century CE.
Philosophy
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
Albert Camus. Many existentialists considered traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in style and content, to be too abstract and removed from
Existentialism
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
deconstruction of a text does not proceed by random doubt or generalized skepticism, but by the careful teasing out of warring forces of signification within
Deconstruction
Postulation about the act of dreaming
is not. Many contemporary philosophers have attempted to refute dream skepticism in detail (see, e.g., Stone (1984)). Ernest Sosa (2007) devoted a chapter
Dream_argument
Totality of existing entities
such as religious skepticism, which denies that beliefs about God or other religious doctrines amount to knowledge. Moral skepticism is the view that there
Reality
Affection; one of the ancient Greek forms of love
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Philia
Philosophical tradition of the Irish people
Dictionary of Irish Philosophers. (2006). United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Academic. Peter Øhrstrøm (February 1985). "W. R. Hamilton's view of algebra as the
Irish_philosophy
Philosophy in the French language
of Ramist Guy De Bruès (b. c. 1530) were influential for entertaining skepticism. The first writings on Ramism after the death of Ramus included biographies
French_philosophy
Branch of philosophy relating to spatiality and temporality
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Philosophy in the ancient world
– 68 BCE) Aenesidemus (1st century BCE) Agrippa (1st century CE) Academic skepticism Cynicism Cyrenaicism Eclecticism Epicureanism Middle Platonism Neo-Platonism
Ancient_philosophy
Philosophy of the Western world
he adopted skepticism as a central tenet of Platonism, making Platonism nearly the same as Pyrrhonism. After Arcesilaus, Academic skepticism diverged from
Western_philosophy
Philosophical principle
legitimate epistemic justifications can lead to false beliefs, whereas academic skepticism claims that no legitimate epistemic justifications exist (acatalepsy)
Fallibilism
Philosophical positions
1963 Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (mentor) Panayot Butchvarov, "Skepticism in Ethics" (Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1989)
Moral_relativism
Suspension of judgment but also withholding of assent
deny nor affirm anything." This concept is similarly employed in Academic Skepticism but without the objective of ataraxia. Pyrrhonism provides practitioners
Epoché
Object or event that exists independently of the senses
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Noumenon
1974 philosophy paper by Thomas Nagel
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
What_Is_It_Like_to_Be_a_Bat?
Form of methodological skepticism
Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650)
Cartesian_doubt
Philosophical system
following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led him to religious skepticism and a general attack on superstition and divine intervention. Epicureanism
Epicureanism
School of philosophy in Ancient Greece
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Peripatetic_school
Philosophical study of beauty and art
Stecker 2010, pp. 120–121 Stecker 2010, pp. 10–11 Adajian 2024, § 3. Skepticism About Definitions Beauchamp 2005, p. 15 Stecker 2010, pp. 8, 120–121 Levinson
Aesthetics
Literary genre of fiction with philosophical themes
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Philosophical_fiction
Current period in the history of Western philosophy
professional academic philosopher: Henry Sidgwick, in a generous gesture, identified [T. H.] Green as Britain's first professional academic philosopher
Contemporary_philosophy
Class of philosophies
places emphasis on aspectual functioning. Ihab Hassan, theorist in the academic study of literature, once stated: "Humanism may be coming to an end as
Posthumanism
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
presented. A great variety of types of experiences is discussed in the academic literature. Perceptual experiences, for example, represent the external
Experience
Theoretical framework that connects Blackness and social death
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Afro-pessimism (United States)
Afro-pessimism_(United_States)
Philosophical study of morality
Sinnott-Armstrong 2019, Lead section, § 1. Varieties of Moral Skepticism, § 2. A Presumption Against Moral Skepticism? Sayre-McCord 2023, § 5. Moral Epistemology Brun
Ethics
Religious and philosophical tradition
doctrine. However, both the Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi repeatedly express skepticism toward coercive rule, war, and punitive governance, often recommending
Taoism
Philosophical tradition
state of belief about the matter. Note that anti-skepticism is a reaction to modern academic skepticism in the wake of Descartes. The pragmatist insistence
Pragmatism
Postulated primary cause of all activity in the universe
Christian theology of which he was a significant part, Aristotle became "academic theology's great authority in the thirteenth century", and also influenced
Unmoved_mover
Philosophical terms
Warfield, editors (1999): Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader, Oxford UP. DeRose, Keith (1999) "Responding to Skepticism", Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader
Internalism_and_externalism
Philosophical tradition of the British people
Renaissance. He was made Bishop of Chartres and advocated Cicero's academic skepticism. John of Salisbury wrote the Policraticus and the Metalogicon. Daniel
British_philosophy
Corporate law term
disapproval of CEO compensation not being in line with firm performance. Another academic study shows that the introduction of "say on pay" in 14 countries, did
Say_on_pay
Philosophical school and tradition
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Post-structuralism
Philosophical concept
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Modal_realism
State of being real
provide a unified and rational explanation of everything. There are many academic debates about the existence of merely possible objects. According to actualism
Existence
Philosophical study of being
structured storage of information, such as in a college database tracking academic activities. Ontology is also pertinent to the fields of logic, theology
Ontology
Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Socratic_method
Philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle
(Lectures on the History of Philosophy ). As quoted in Gilbert Gérard; Cadenza Academic Translations. "Hegel, Reader of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Substance as Subject"
Aristotelianism
Philosophical method and schools of philosophy
entitled Derrida and Husserl: The Basic Problem of Phenomenology, American academic and author Leonard Lawlor uses the term "life-ism" to refer to a unified
Phenomenology_(philosophy)
Metaphysical theory
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Conceptualism
State of puzzlement or expression of doubt, in philosophy and rhetoric
is intentionally induced as a means of producing ataraxia. Contemporary academic studies of the term aporia further characterize its usage in philosophical
Aporia
19th century US philosophical movement
criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher, the skepticism of David Hume", and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and
Transcendentalism
Truth, beauty, and goodness
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Transcendentals
Questioning of claims lacking empirical evidence
Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism (also spelled scepticism), sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, is a position in which one questions
Scientific_skepticism
Class of ethical theories
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Deontology
Belief that God and reality are identical
Practices, Sussex Academic Press Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press Hacker
Pantheism
Philosophical movement
the rationalism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza. Hume's skepticism had challenged the core tenets of the Enlightenment, arguing that reason
German_idealism
Empiricist philosophical theory
best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position
Positivism
Philosophical doctrine on the subjugation of all events to fate
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Fatalism
Steps in reasoning
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Inference
2021 book on neuroscience and epistemology by Iain McGilchrist
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
The_Matter_with_Things
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Branch of philosophy
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Philosophy_of_information
Philosophical system developed by Ayn Rand
must itself possess identity implies the rejection of both universal skepticism based on the "limits" of consciousness, as well as any claim to revelation
Objectivism
Ethical theory based on consequences
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Consequentialism
Concept designating the extra-categorical attributes of beings
Cynicism Eretrian school Hellenistic Pyrrhonism Stoicism Epicureanism Academic Skepticism Megarian school Neopythagoreanism Platonism Academy Middle Neo Peripatetic
Transcendence_(philosophy)
Study of correct reasoning
2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. Mills, Ethan (2018). Three Pillars of Skepticism in Classical India: Nagarjuna, Jayarasi, and Sri Harsa. Rowman & Littlefield
Logic
Philosophical school of thought
was open to humanistic ideas of individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism, liberalism, and free speech; schools were established at Baghdad, Basra
Humanism
Epistemological view centered on reason
similar stances on other aspects of philosophy. Most rationalists reject skepticism for the areas of knowledge they claim are knowable a priori. When you
Rationalism
Philosophical study of nature
is sound, it follows that to be a physicist, one must restrain one's skepticism enough to trust one's senses, or else rely on anti-realism. René Descartes'
Natural_philosophy
Thought experiment proposed by Carneades of Cyrene
the plank of Carneades is a thought experiment first proposed by the academic skeptic philosopher Carneades of Cyrene. It explores the concept of self-defense
Plank_of_Carneades
Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world
under the term esotericism developed in 17th-century Europe. Various academics have debated numerous definitions of Western esotericism. One view adopts
Western_esotericism
Philosophical approach
emerging. Since 2000, Process Psychology has progressed as an independent academic and therapeutic discipline: In 2000, Michel Weber created the Whitehead
Process_philosophy
Philosophy during the medieval period
Ages. Monasteries were among the limited number of focal points of formal academic learning, which might be presumed to be a result of a rule of St Benedict's
Medieval_philosophy
Philosophical traditions from mainland Europe
well as some Freudian, Hegelian, and Western Marxist views. There is no academic consensus on the definition of continental philosophy. Prior to the twentieth
Continental_philosophy
Philosophical view
enduring substrate. Postmodern/poststructuralist thinkers also express skepticism about any all-encompassing metaphysical scheme. Philosopher Mary Midgley
Materialism
3rd-century BC Greek Hellenistic philosopher
316/5–241/0 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic philosopher. He was the founder of Academic Skepticism and what is variously called the Second or Middle or New Academy
Arcesilaus
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